I 76 Memoir Sears Foundatio?i for Marine Research 



Atlant. Coast, 1929: 31 (genl); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 80, 1929: 608 (New Jersey); 

 Truitt, Bean and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 3, 1929: 30 (descr., Maryland); Jordan, Evermann 

 and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 25 (listed, C. Cod to Florida); Breder, Copeia, 

 1932: 31 (season. Block Island); Wilson, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 158, 1932: 403 (copepod parasite. 

 Woods Hole); Schroeder, Bull. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 66, 1933: 5-6 (max. size, south. Mass.); Bige- 

 low and Schroeder, Canad. Atlant. Fauna, I2e, 1934: 32 (descr., ill., C. Ann to Florida); Bere, Amer. 

 Midi. Nat., 77 (3), 1936: 583 (parasites, season, Englewood, Florida); Bigelow and Schroeder, Bull. 

 U. S. Bur. Fish., 48, 1936: 325 (max. size, depth, south. Mass.); Breder and Nichols, Copeia, 1937: 

 181 (egg cases, New York, Florida; cf. other species); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., i'y, 1937: 

 304 (season. New Jersey); Breder, Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc, 41, 1938: 28 (New York Harbor); Delsman, 

 Mem. Mus. Hist. nat. Belg., (2) Fasc. 21, 1941 : 65 (depth, off Jacksonville, Florida); Fowler, Monogr. 

 .'\cad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945: 160 (listed, S.Carolina). 



Raja''^'-' diaphanes Mitchill, Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N. Y., r, 181 5: 478 (descr., shows it equal to R. eglanteria 

 Bosc 1802, not R. ocellata Mitchill 181 5, to which the majority of recent authors have referred it; New 

 York); Ayers, Boston J. nat. Hist., 4, 1843: 289, pi. 12, fig. 2 (ident. by ill.. Long Island, New York); 

 Linsley, Amer. J. Sci., 4-], 1844: 77 (ident. by ref. to Mitchill, 181 5; Conn.); Baird, Rep. U. S. Comm. 

 Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 826 (ident. probable by name of "Summer Skate," Woods Hole). 



Raia^'^'' desmarestia Lesueur, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 4, 1824: 100, pi. 4 (descr., ill., Florida); Miiller and 

 Henle, Plagiost., 1841 : 1 54 (diagn. by ref. to Lesueur, 1824); DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: 372 (diagn. 

 after Lesueur, 1824, Florida); Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1846: 511 (diagn., after 

 Lesueur, 1824, Florida); Tuomey, Rep. Geol. S. C, 1848: app. XIII (listed, S. Carohna); Dumeril, 

 Hist. Nat. Poiss., J, 1865: 551 (descr., Charleston, S.Carolina); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 

 1870: 455, footnote a (ref to Lesueur, 1824); Goode, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 2, 1879: 120 (Florida, 

 probably by ref. to Lesueur, 1824). 



Rata eglanteria (in part) DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: 373 (but R. eglantiera Lesueur 1824, which equals 

 R.erinacea Mitchill 181 5, also included); Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. .%ts Sci., N. S., 2, 1846: 512 

 (but R. eglantiera Lesueur 1824, which equals R.erinacea Mitchill 181 5, also included); Gill, Rep. 

 U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 812 (listed, Nova Scotia to Florida, but includes R. eglantiera 

 Lesueur 1824, which equals R.erinacea Mitchill 181 5). 



Raia diaphanes (in part) Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1846: 510 (descr. apparently also refers 

 to R. ocellata Mitchill 181 5); Lyman, 6th Rep. Mass. Comm. inl. Fish., 1872: 54, 57 (probably includes 

 R. ocellata Mitchill 181 5 because of descr. as abundant, south. Mass., April, Ma)--). 



Probable References: 



Raia americana DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: 368, pi. 66, fig. 215 (ident. probable from ill., New York); 



Gill, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., Addend., 1861: 61 (hsted). 

 Raia ocellata DeKay, Zool. N. Y., 4, 1842: Fishes, pi. 65, fig. 212 (ill. apparently R. eglanteria, but perhaps 



not descr. on p. 369). 

 Raja eglantiera Tuomey, Rep. Geol. S. C, 1848: Append. XIII (listed, S.Carolina; probably R. eglanteria 



Bosc 1802, not R. eglantiera Lesueur 1824, which equals R.erinacea Mitchill 1815). 

 Not Raia eglantiera Lesueur, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 4, 1824: 103 (equals R.erinacea Mitchill 181 5: see 



reference, p. 185). 

 Not Raia eglanteria Gill, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., Addend., 1861 : 61 (ref to R. eglantiera Lesueur 1824, 



equals R.erinacea Mitchill 181 5). 



Raja erinacea Mitchill 1825 



Little Skate, Hedgehog Skate 



Figures 36, 37, 38 



Study Material. Sixty-two specimens, from embryos to adults of both sexes, from 

 many localities between St. Andrews, New Brunswick and the offing of Delaware 



115. Also spelled Kaia. ii6- Also spelled Kaja. 



