264 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



man, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. ZooL, 24, 1899: 380 (depth, range); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 

 I-j, 1898: 89 (listed. Woods Hole); Kendall, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7 (8), 1908: 12 (New 

 England locals., but ref. for New London (.'), Conn, based on R. americana DeKay 1842, which equals 

 R.eglanteria Bosc 1802); Roule, Bull. Inst, oceanogr. Monaco, 243, 1912: 20 (depth. Grand Banks); 

 Engelhardt, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. 4 (3), 191 3: 102 (range); Halkett, Check List Fish. Canad., 

 191 3: 42 (listed, Maritime Provinces and southward); Sumner, Osburn and Cole, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 

 JJ, 1913: 738 (listed, Woods Hole); Bigelow, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 5<§, 1914: 100, iii 

 (depth, Gulf of Maine); Huntsman, Trans, roy. Soc. Canad., (3) 12 (4-5), 1918: 63 (depth, temp., 

 Gulf St. Lawrence); Cox, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1918-1920), 1921: 109 (depth, S. side Gulf St. Law- 

 rence); Huntsman, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1921), 3, 1922: 6, 9 (Passamaquoddy Bay and Bay of Fundy); 

 Huntsman and Sparks, Contr. Canad. Biol., N. S. 2, 1924: 102 (upper lethal temp.); Battle, Trans, 

 roy. Soc. Canad., Sect. 5, (3) 20 (i), 1926: 127, 132 (effects of high temp.); Huntsman, Trans, roy. 

 Soc. Canad., Sect. 5 (3) 20 (2), 1926: 203 (upper lethal temp.); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica N. Y., 

 9, 1927: 24 (ill., old Woods Hole record); Vladykov, Contr. Canad. Biol., N. S. 8, 1933: 17 (SE shore, 

 Hudson Bay); Nat. canad., 6j, 1936: 123, 125 (meas., photos egg cases, estuary St. Lawrence R.; R. 

 radiata considered distinct from R. scabrata); Contrib. 17, Dept. Pech. Quebec, 1946: 26 (in stomach 

 of White Whale, estuary St. Lawrence R.); Jensen, Spol. Zool. Mus. Hauniensis, 9, 1948: 27 (descr., 

 Greenland). 



Raja clavata or R.radtata Storer, Rep. Fish. Rept. Birds Mass., 1839: 201 (Mass.); Boston J. nat. Hist., 2, 1839: 

 556 (same as Storer, 1839). 



Rata laevis (in part) Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1867: 242, pi. 39, fig. 2; also Fishes Mass., 

 1867: 266, pi. 39, fig. 2 (ill., but descr. partly based on R.laevh, Mass. Bay). 



Raia scabrata Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 56, 191 3: 340, pi. 21, fig. 2, pi. 44, figs. 1-3 (descr., 

 ills., Mass. Bay, but pi. 21, fig. i, labelled R. scabrata, is actually R. ocellata); Jordan, Copeia, 49, 191 7: 

 87 [scabrata replaces radiata for American form); Bigelow and Welsh, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 40 (i), 

 1925: 62 (descr., ill. Gulf of Maine); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atlant. Coast, 1929: 30 (genl.); 

 Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE U. S., 1929: 17 (diagn.); Jordan, Evermann and Clark, Rep. U. S. 

 Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 25 (Mass. Bay, considered distinct from European R. radiata); Lutz, 

 Amer. J. Physiol., 94, 1930: 135 (effects of adrenalin) ; Marshall, Contr. Canad. Biol., N. S. 7 (1-7), 

 1931: 19 (heart physioL); Schroeder, Bull. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 58, 1931: 3 (nos., depth. Gulf of 

 Maine and Georges Bank); Anon., Rep. Newfoundland Fish. Res. Comm., I (4), 1932: 117 (Newfound- 

 land Coast, Newfoundland and Nova Scotian banks); Rep. Newfoundland Fish. Res. Comm., 2 (i), 

 1933: 125 (depth, temp., off Nova Scotia, Grand Banks, and outer Labrador); Prefontaine, Trans, roy. 

 Soc. Canad., (3) 27 (5), 1933: 257 (depth, estuary of St. Lawrence R.); Bigelow and Schroeder, Canad. 

 Atlant. Fauna, I2e, 1934: 23 (descr., ill., Hudson Bay to Woods Hole); Anon., Rep. Newfoundland 

 Fish. Res. Comm. (1933), 2 (2), 1934: 115 (Newfoundland, east. Nova Scotian Banks and Gulf of 

 St. Lawrence); Vladykov and McKenzie, Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., ig, 1935: 51 (off Nova Scotia); Bigelow 

 and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 48, 1936: 324 (descr., size, female with eggs, egg cases, food, 

 nos., Georges Bank); Vladykov, Nat. canad., 63, 1936: 223 (descr., size, photos egg cases, depth, temp., 

 season, off Nova Scotia); Norman, Discovery Rep., 16, 1937: 16, footnote {R. scabrata Garman 1913 

 probably ident. with European R. radiata); Bigelow and Schroeder, Biol. Bull. Woods Hole, y6, 1939: 

 309 (deep basins, Gulf of Maine). 



Doubtful References: 



Raja radiata Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 62, 1910: 470 (egg cases with embryos "perhaps" this species. 



New Jersey). 

 Raja scabrata Fowler, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., JJ, 1920: 145 (same as R. radiata Fowler 1910). 



Raja senta Garman 1885 



Figures 57, 58 



Study Material. Sixty specimens, 83 mm (newly hatched) to 547 mm long, from: 

 Emerald Bank off Halifax, Nova Scotia; St. Andrews, New Brunswick; various localities 



