2 2 6 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



from the offing of Charleston, South Carolina. But it is questionable whether it ranges 

 regularly any farther south than this, although it has been credited to Florida. ^^ 



Synonyms and References: 



Raja^" laevis Mitchill, Amer. Mon. Mag., 2, 1817: 327 (descr., New York); DeKay, Zool. N. Y ., 4, 1842: 

 370 (descr., New York); Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 2, 1846: 259 (in synopsis); Perley, 

 Rep. Fish. Bay of Fundy, 1851: 154; also Cat. Fish. N. Brunsw. and Nova Scotia, 1854: 38 (food, size. 

 Bay of Fundy); Wynian, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 6, 1859: 44 (electric organs); Gill, Proc. Acad, 

 nat. Sci. Philad., Addend., 1861: 61 (listed, Atlant. Coast N. Amer.); Knight, Descr. Cat. Fish. Nova 

 Scotia, 1866: 8 (descr.. Nova Scotia); Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., N. S. 9, 1867: 242; also 

 Fishes Mass., 1867: 266 (descr. in part but not ill., pi. 39, fig. 2, which is R. radiatd)\ Abbott, in Cook, 

 Geol. N. J., 1868: 829 (util, Delaware R.); Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 8, 1870: 455 (footnote); 

 Lyman, 6th Rep. Mass. Comm. inl. Fish., 1872: 53 (nos., size, south. Mass.); Baird, Rep. U. S. Comm. 

 Fish. (1871-1872), 1873: 826 (listed, Woods Hole); Gill, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 

 1873: 812 (listed, Nova Scotia to Florida); V'errill and Smith, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-1872), 

 1873: 521 (food. Woods Hole); Garman, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., IJ, 1874: 180 (descr., color, 

 size, Massachusetts Bay); Uhler and Lugger, Rep. Comm. Fish. Md., ed. I, 1876: 189; ed. 2, 1876: 

 160 (Maryland, Chesapeake Bay); Yarrow, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 29, 1877: 217 (listed, near 

 Beaufort, N.Carolina); Goode and Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. Salem, II, 1879: 28 (N. Massachusetts); 

 Jones, List Fish. Nova Scotia, 1879: 11 (Bay of Fundy); Verrill, Amer. J. Sci., 22 (3), 1881 : 297 (43-202 

 fath., off Gay Head); Jones, Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., 5 (l), 1882: append. 97 (Bay of Fundy); Jordan and 

 Gilbert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1883: 42 (descr., Virginia); True, List Vert. Anim. S.Carolina, 

 in Handb. S.Carolina, 1883: 261 (listed, S.Carolina); Bean, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1881), 1884: 

 343 (listed, Woods Hole); Goode, Fish. Fish. Industr. U. S., i, 1884: 667 (util); Rathbun, Proc. U. S. 

 nat. Mus., 7, 1884: 486 (copepod parasites, depth, off Woods Hole); Garman, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 

 Harv., 17, 1888: 90, pis. 27-29 (mucous canal syst.); Jordan, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1885), 1887: 

 799 (listed, N. Atlant. states, U. S.); Bean, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 7, 1889: 151 (New Jersey); Proc. 

 U. S. nat. Mus., 14, 1891 : 94 (Chesapeake Bay); Moore, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 12, 1894: 358 (New 

 Jersey); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 12, 1894: 368 (nos., util., weight, New Jersey); Goode and 

 Bean, Smithson. Contr. Knowl., JO, 1895: 28; jr, 1895: pi. 9, fig. 29; also Spec. Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 

 1895; and Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. Zool., 22, 1896: 28, pi. 9, fig. 29 (ill., depth, continental slope 

 ofFNew England); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14, 1895: 345 (common names, mid-Atlant. U. S.); 

 Cox, Bull. nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunsw., 13, 1896; 63 (listed, N. Brunswick); Jordan and Evermann, 

 Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., ^.j (i), 1896: 71 (descr.. New England to Florida); Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. 

 (1895), 1896: 221 (listed. New England to Florida); Bean, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 9, 1897: 423, 

 441 (cestode parasites. Woods Hole); Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 20, 1898: 507, 522 (trematode parasites); 

 Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 27, 1898: 89 (season. Woods Hole); Garman, Mem. Harv. Mus. comp. 

 Zool., 24, 1899: 380 (depth, range); Bean, 6th Rep. For. Comm. N. Y., 1900: 383 (New York and 

 C. Cod); Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ig, 1901 : 431 (parasites, food, depth, off Woods Hole); Bean, 

 Bull. N. Y. St. Mus., 60, Zool. 9, 1903: 50 (descr., season, near New York and Woods Hole); Sharp 

 and Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., ^6, 1904: 506 (listed, Nantucket); Linton, Bull. U. S. Bur. 

 Fish., 24, 1905: 346 (food, cestode parasites, C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Wilson, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 

 28, 1905: 573, 582 (copepod parasites); Fowler, Rep. N. J. Mus. (1905), 1906: 73, pi. 3 (descr., ill.. 

 New Jersey); Tracy, 36th Rep. R. I. Comm. inl. Fish., 1906: 47 (season, food, size, Rhode Island); 

 Fowler, Rep. N. J. Mus. (1906), 1907: 259 (season. New Jersey); Smith, N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 2, 

 1907: 41 (food, near C. Lookout, N. Carolina); Kendall, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7 (8), 1908: 

 13 (New England locals.); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Philad., 61, 1909: 407 (New Jersey); Rep. 

 N. J. Mus. (1908), 1909: 353 (Delaware R., by ref to Abbott, 1868); Tracy, 40th Rep. R. I. Comm. 

 inl. Fish., 1910: 62 (Rhode Island); Cornish, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1906-1910), 1912: 79 (nos., Prince 

 Edward I.); Gudger, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 26, 1913: 98 (season, N.Carolina); Engelhardt, Abh. 



59. Egg cases with embryos, washed ashore near Charlotte Harbor many years ago, were doubtfully referred to 

 this species (Henshall, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 2, 1891:372). 



60. Sometimes spelled Raia. 



