Key to the Orders of North American Birds 



WITH 3 TOES. 



TuBiNARES — Albatrosses. 



With 3 toes in front and tubular nostrils, 



Pygopodes — Auks. 



With 3 toes in front, nostrils not tubular, toes fully webbed, wings 

 and tail short, and legs placed far behind the middle of body. 



LONGIPENNES Gulls. 



With 3 toes in front, nostrils not tubular, toes fully webbed, wings 



and tail long, and legs placed near the middle of body. 

 LiMicoL^ — Shore Birds. 



Like LoNGiPENNES but toes not fully webbed. 

 Pici — Woodpeckers. 



With 2 toes in front and one behind. 



Foot of Three-toed Woodpecker 



WITH 4 TOES. 



With 2 toes in front and 2 behind. 



PsiTTACi — Parrots. , , . , ^ , , 



With a strongly hooked bill and unfeathered skin (cere) on the base 

 of the upper mandible. 

 Pici — Woodpeckers. , , r ,. 



With bill not strongly hooked and without a cere on the base of the 

 upper mandible; bill chisel-like; tail stiff and its feathers pointed. 



Foot of Four-toed Woodpecker 

 xiv 



