56 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



The only otlier species at all allied to the siii,t;le North American one 

 are the C. anicsiaais of Central America, and C. jiallasi of Eastern Asia. 

 They may be easily distinguished by the following characters • — 



Plumage beneath scarce!}' lighter than that above; head and neck browni.<h, 

 darkest above. Wing, 4.00 ; tail, 2.1.5; bill, .50; tarsus, 1.20 ; middle toe, .85. 

 Legs (in life), pinkish white (8,496 Fort Mass. N. M.). Hab. Mountains of 

 Middle Province from Sitka, south to Guatemala . . . var. ineriranns. 



Plumage beneath much lighter than that above, — very light along the median 

 line ; head not brownish, the contra-st in shade lietween upper and lower sur- 

 faces very marked. Wing, 3.50; tail, 2.05; bill, .45; tarsu.s, 1.30; middle toe, 

 .90. Legs yellow. (42,788 g Costa Rica). Had. Guatemala and Costa Rica. 



var. a r d e s i a r ?i s,^ 



Plumage uniform dusky-brown, middle of belly blackish ; back mid rump .tijiirim- 

 ated with hkick ; wings and tail blackish-brown. Total length, 8,00; win"-, 

 4.00; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.25; bill (to rictu.s), 1.10 (Salvin), Hab. Lake Baikal 

 to Kamtschatka ; A moorland; S.E.Siberia; Japan (Salvin) . . var. pallasi.' 



Cinclus mexicanvis, Swains. 



AMERICAN DIPPER ; WATER OUZEL. 



Cincliis ]>al!nsi. Box. 7M(t\. Jour. II, 1S27, .')2 (not the Asiatic sjiecies). Cinclus mcximnus, 

 Sw. Phil. Mag. IS27, 368. — ScLATER, Catal. 1861, 10. — Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 190; 

 1867, 120 (Guatemala). — Baikd, Review, 60. — Dall & Bannister (Alaska). — 

 Cooper, BiriTs Cal. I, 25. Hydrobata mexicana, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229. — 

 Cooper & Suckley, Rep. P. R. R. XII, li, 1859, 175 (nest). Cinclus amerieanus, 

 Rick. F. B. A. II, 1831, 273. Cinclus unicolor, Bon. ; C. mm-toni, Towns. ; C. totim- 

 sendi, "AuD." Towns. 



Figiire.s : Bonaparte, Am. Orn. 11, 1828, pi. xvi, fig. 1. — AiMi. Oni, liiog, pi, rcclxx, 

 435. — Ib. Birds Amer, II, pi. cxxxvu, 



Sp. Cii. Above dark plumbeous, beneath paler; head and neck all round a shade of 

 clove or perhaps a light .sooty-brown ; less conspicuous beneath. A concealed spot of 

 white above the anterior corner of the eye and indications of the same sometimes on the 

 lower eyelid. Immature specimens usually with the feathers beneath edged with grayish- 

 white ; the greater and middle wing-coverts and le.sser quills tipped with the same. The 

 colors more uniform. Length, 7.50 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 2.55. 



Young. Similar to the adult, but much mi.xed with whiti.sh medially beneath; this in 

 form of longitudinal suffusion,s. 



Autumnal and winter specimens have numerous transverse crescents of whitish on 

 lower parts and wings, — these very especially conspicuous posteriorly ; the secondaries 

 are also conspicuously terminated with a white crescent. Bill brown, paler toward base 

 of lower mandible. In spring and summer the bill entirely black, and the whitish 

 markings almost entirely disappear; the young bird ha-s a greater amount of white be- 

 neath than the adult in winter dress, and this white is disposed in longitudinal, not trans- 

 verse, sufi'usions. The color of the legs appears to be the same at all seasons. 



1 C. ardesiactis, Salvin, Ibi.s, N, S, III, 121, pi, ii, 



^ C. pallrosi, Temm. Man. d'Orn. I, p, 177, — Salvin, Ibis, III, 1867, 119, {S/iinii;s i-inrlns, 

 var. Pallas, Zoogr. R. - As. I, 426.) 



