MOTACILLTD.E — THE WAGTAILS. 



171 



Balda.mus (Nauiuannin, 1857, 202) says he has received Anthus aqua- 

 ticus and its eggs froui Labrador. This statement, however, recj^uires veri- 

 fication. 



Anthus ludovicianiis, Ln in. 



TITLABK; AMERICAN PIPIT. 



Alaucla ludoviciana, Gm. S. N. I, 1788, 793. Antlius ludoriciaiius, Licht. Vei'z. 1823, 

 37 ; also of AunuBO.v k lioNAP.iKTE. — B.\ii!i), Birds N. Am. 18.58, 232 ; Rev. 153. — 

 CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador). — Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova). 

 — IB. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153. ScL. k Salv. Ibis, 1S59, 9 (Guatemala). — JosES, Nat. 

 iu Bermuda, 1859, 29, autumn. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, i (Saskatchewan). — Dall 

 & Banxistek, Tr. Cliic. Ac. I, 1869, 277. — Cooper, Om. Cal. I, 1870, 78. Alaucla 

 rubra, Gm. ; Alauda rufa, WiLS. ; Anthus spinolcUa, BoN., AuD. ; AlaucUi, pennsijl- 

 vauica, Briss. ; ? Alauda pennsylvanica, Bonn. Eneycl. Meth. I, 1790,319. ? .Uota- 

 cilla hudsonica, Latb. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503. — Vieillot, Eneycl. Meth. II, 1823, 

 447. Anlhu.t pennsijlvanica, Z.axper ; Anlhusaquatkus, AuD. ; Antkus pipiens, AuD. ; 

 Anihus rubctis, Meuiiem ; Anthus rriithardtii, HoLBOLL, Fauna Cirdnlands (ed. Paul- 

 sen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). 



Figures : Aid. Birds Am. Ill, pi. c.\l. — In. Orn. Biog. I, pi. l.xxx. — Wilson, V. jil. Ixxxix. 



Sp. Char. (Female, in S])ring.) Aljove olive-brown, each feather sliajhtly darker to- 

 wards the central portion ; beneath pale duU-bufl', or yellowish-brown, with a ma.xilUiry 

 series of dark-brown spot.s and streaks across the brea,st and along sides. Ring round the 

 eye, and superciliary stripe, yellowish. Central tail-feathers like the back, others dark 

 blackish-brown ; the external one white, except at the base within ; a white spot at the 

 end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with pale brownish. 

 Length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.95. 



Has. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba. Guatemala, 

 and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. (Gatke.j Not noted in West Indies. 



Spring specimens from Labrador, collected by Dr. Cones, have the upper 

 parts ashy without any tinge of 

 olive, almost bluish on the head ; 

 the lower parts deeper and more 

 reddish-buft' than in autumnal 

 and winter specimens. Tarsi 

 black in spring, Virown in win- 

 ter ; toes always 1 ilack. 



Habits. At different seasons 

 of the year the Brown Titlark- 

 is found throughout the conti- 

 nent, and abundant for the time 

 in the several parts of the coun- 

 try, chiefly frequenting the least 

 cultivated portions and appar- A„ti,vs ludavkianu,. 



ently preferring the sterile and least attractive regions. It is one of the 

 most extensivelv distributed of all our Xorth American birds, being found 



