FALUONID JD — THE FALCONS. 397 



Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. n, 1848. — Pe.\b. Birds Ma.ss. 73, 1841. — Giraud, Birds 

 Long Island, 9, 1844. — WooDH. Sit. ExijI. Zun. & Colorad. 59, 1853. — Cassix, B. 

 Calif. & Tex. I, 111, 1854. -De Kay, Zoiil. N. Y. H, 5, pi. i, f. 1, 1844. — Heekm. 

 P. E. K. Kept. Vn, 30, 1857. — Newb. P. K. K. Kept. VI, 75, 1857. — Wern. AtL 

 Ois. Eur. 1826. — Brehm, Vogel Deutschl. 17, 1831. — Cass. Birds N. Am. 1858, 

 43. — Coop. & Suck. P. E. E. Kept. XII, ii, 151, 1860. — Coues, Prod. B. Ariz. 13, 

 1866. Ualiaetus Icucocephalus, Gll.w, Hand List, I, 16 (1S69). Falco candidus, 

 Gjiel. Syst. Nat. 258, 1789. — Lath. hid. Oru. 14, 1790; Syn. I, 36, 1781 ; Gen. 

 Hist. I, 240, 1821. —Daud. Tr. Orn. II, 51, 1800. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 

 30, 1807. Falco 'pygargus, Daud. Tr. Oru. II, 62, 1800. Fako ossi/rngtcs, WiLS. Am. 

 Orn. pi. Iv, f. 2 (Jtiv.), 1808. Falco kuco^aslcr. La™. Gen. Hist. I, 242, 1821. 

 Vultur albicilla, F.ABEK, Faun. Groenl. 53, 1780. Falco itmshbujloiii, Auu. Mag. 

 Nat. Hist. ser. 1, I, 1828, 115. — Ib. Orn. Biog. I, 58 ; Birds Am. pi. xi. — Brewer, 

 (WiLS.) Am. Orn. 683. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. IV, 261. Haliaelus washingtoni, 

 Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. II, 92. — Bonap. List, 1838, 3. — Gray, Gen. foL sp. 4. — 

 Add. Synop. Birds Am. 10. — Cass. B. Cal. & Tex. 110. — Ib. Birds N. Am. 1858, 

 42. — Strickl. Orn. Syn. I, 51, No. 82. Falco washingtonianus, Nutt. Man. pl. 

 Ixvii. Haliaelus Icucocephalus, Brewer, Oology, 1851, 48, pL iv, f. 37. 



Sp. Char. Adult. Entire head and neck, upper and lower tail-coverts, and tail, im- 

 maculate pure white. Rest of the plumage brownish-black, the feathers fading toward 

 the edges, these paler borders being most conspicuous on the upper surface. Primaries 

 uniform deep black. Bill, cere, superciliary shield, and feet, deep chrome-yellow ; iris 

 Naples-yellow. Male (12,017, Philadelpliia; C. Drexler). Wing, 22.00; tail, 10.50; cul- 

 men, 1.90; top of cere, .80; depth of bill, I..30; tarsus, 3.00; middle toe, 2.G0; outer, 

 2.00; inner, 1.50; posterior, 1.30. Wing-formula, 3 = 4-5, 2-6; 1=7. Female 

 (11,986, Philadelphia; C. Drexler). Wing, 25.00; tail, 12.75; culmen, 2.20; top of cere, 

 .80; tarsus, 3.10; middle toe, 2.85. Wing-formula, 3 = 4,5-2-6-7-1, 8. Young. 

 Second year (?) (No. 58,977, Mount Carrael, Wabash County, Illinois, Dec. ; D. Ridgway). 

 Head and neck brownish-black, white beneath the surface, the penicillate ones of the nape 

 tipped with pale brown. Prevailing color of other portions blackish-brown, inclining to 

 umber on the dorsal region, wing-coverts, and lower parts ; all the feathers white at their 

 roots, this much exposed on the lower parts, where the brown forms teav-shaped terminal 

 spots; axillars and lining of the wing white, each feather of the latter region with a 

 medial lanceolate stripe of blackish- brown. Primaries and tail brownish-black; inner 

 webs of secondaries and tail-feathers spattered longitudinally with crearay-white. Bill 

 and cere black ; iris brown ; feet yellow. Wing, 25.50; tail, 15.00; culmen, 2.10; tarsus, 

 3.10; middle toe, 2.60. 



Young, first year (No. 41,595, Eastern United States?). Whole plumage nearly uni- 

 formly black, this very continuous above ; beneath, the basal white is much exposed, pro- 

 ducing a somewhat spotted appearance. Primaries and tail deep black, the inner webs 

 of the latter sprinkled with cream-color. 



Young in down (W.ishington, D. C). Downy covering uniform deep sooty-gray ; the 

 sprouting feathers on wings, etc., all brownish-black. 



Specimens from the Pacific Coast have the plumage rather deeper black; but scarcely 

 any other differences are appreciable. Measurements of specimens are as follows : — 



"Male" (?) (45,838, Sitka; Bischoff). Wing, 24.50; tail, 12..50; culmen, 2.00. 



Female (45,835, " " ). " 25.00 ; " 12.50 : '^ 2.20. 



Of these, the male is continuous deep black, the head, neck, tail, and tail-coverts pure 

 white in sharp contrast; the female is less continuously black, — more so, however, than 

 in eastern specimens; the white portions are as pure as in the male. 



An immature bird (9,130, Shoalwater Bay, W. T., Feb.; Dr. Cooper) is almost like the 

 Illinois specimen described, but is somewhat larger, measuring, wing, 26.00; tail, 15.00; 



