SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PERU STEWART 173 



In leaving South America in order to search farther north for affinities or 

 resemblances, our thought is arrested involuntarily first of all at central 

 Mexico, then finally at the plains and canyons of Arizona and New Mexico. 

 There are above all the crania from ancient sepulchers of Santiago Tlaltelolco 

 described by Hamy [1801], which by their general morphology, their strong 

 brachycephaly and the high indices of the orbit and nose recall certain types 

 of our Calchaqui series. The practice of enterring the Hexed body in pottery 

 vessels was likewise followed by this ancient population, a custom which, as 

 Hamy remarks, was, with numerous variations, adopted by a great many 

 American tribes, without indicating by that necessarily an ethnic affinity. As 

 for the Saladoans and Cibolans [Matthews, 1891], representatives of the 

 ancient civilization known as Shiwi, which 1 have compared so many times 

 with the Calchaquis, there remains only to recall their excessive brachycephaly. 

 their small stature, their free hyoid bones, and finally the myihico-religious 

 and mythico-sociologic analogies, which must exist in these two civilizations at 

 their extreme limits and which I have already summarized elsewhere some 

 years ago [1S94]. 



When we examine the "excessive brachycephaly" referred to here 

 we find that it is largely, if not entirely, due to artificial deformity. 

 Thus, ten Kate reports (1896, p. 31) that 60 percent of his Calchaqui 

 skulls are definitely deformed and many others show asymmetry 

 (plagiocephaly). He says further (p. 82) that the frontal bone is 

 commonly flattened and that the resulting deformity type is like 

 that from Trujillo, Peru. 8 We may suspect deformity also in the 

 case of Hamy's six crania from Santiago Tlaltelolco, Mexico, since 

 the cranial indices range from 81 to 91. As for Matthews' Pueblos, 

 he says quite frankly : 



The occipital flattening here referred to. must be carefully distinguished 

 from that produced intentionally by the ancient Peruvians, by the Flatheads of 

 our Northwest coast, and by other races. In the latter there is an anterior 

 counter-flattening produced by the pressure applied to the forehead; in the 

 former there is no frontal flattening (p. ITS). 



There are 16 skulls which, if never seen in connection with the rest of the 

 collection, might readily be regarded as normal skulls. Taken by themselves, 

 the fact that they are deformed is not obvious ; studied along with the rest 

 of the group, where there is every gradation from the most unquestionably 

 flattened to the apparently normal, the observer has no doubt that the causes 

 which operated in distorting the former class have had their effect too in 

 shaping the latter, and he feels uncertain where, in any shortened skulls, he 

 is to draw the dividing line between the normal and the abnormal (p. 178). 



Independently of ten Kate, and on the sole basis of a trip around 

 the world that did not include South America or our Southwest, 

 Bonarelli (1909) related the Pueblos and Andean peoples in a classi- 

 fication of mankind. The whole matter is disposed of in the follow- 

 ing brief statement (p. 963) : 



I call by the name "Pueblo-Andinian" the population inhabiting the more or 

 less mountainous parte; of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Central America, 



Cf. also Vircbow, 1892, p. 11. 



