174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vul. 93 



and the Audi's Mountains of South America (Mochi, Pueblos, Apaches, Peruv- 

 ians, Araucanians, Tehuelchi or Patagonians, etc.) These peoples present gen- 

 erally an extreme similarity between male ami female physiognomies, cranium 

 similarly brachycephalic, very broad face with rounded chin. 



Von Eickstedt's classification of 1933, while not combining North 

 and South American groups, nevertheless indicates certain similari- 

 ties and differences, especially as between the groups here under 

 discussion. It will be noted that his arrangement is based almost 

 entirely on the living; thus, he says (pp. 721-724) : 



Before we turn to the treatment of the remains and the diffusion of these four 

 South American races, let us note, if only for nemotechnical reasons, the very 

 clear connection between area and race. The four regions of the southern con- 

 tinent are as follows: (1) The extended chain of the Andean Mountains on the 

 west coast, (2) the broad tablelands in the southeastern part terminating in a 

 point to the south, (3) the large forest-covered basin of the Amazon in the 

 interior of Brazil, and finally (4) the Brazilian mountainous area in the east. 

 To these correspond respectively the above mentioned races of the (1) Andids, 

 (2) Pampids, (3) Brazilids, and (4) Lagids, if we overlook for the moment slight 

 overlappings and displacements. 



Moreover, there is remarkable agreement between the large groups of Homin- 

 idae in North and South America. Here as there we have four races, and even 

 two round- and two long-headed races in each. Here as there the round-headed 

 races inhabit either the mountains (Andids and Pacifids) or the south (Pampids 

 and Centralids) ; whereas the long-heads dwell in the northern forests (Brazilids 

 and Silvids) or as older strata on the marginal areas (Lagids and Margids) . This 

 is of course no accident. 



Andids. — The arc of the western and central round-headed races of North 

 America is continued on South American territory in the race of the Andids which, 

 directly adjoining the Centralids, 8 occupies the long range of the Andes. Just 

 as the Centralids are the culture-race of the North, so are the Andids that of the 

 South. But where the generally higher culture of the Centralids has only suc- 

 ceeded to a slight degree — if in itself of note — in producing realistic likenesses 

 of human beings, the Andids, especially of the Pre-Incan era (Proto-Chimu cul- 

 ture), became masters of the art of reproducing the human features. . . 



In physical types the Andids are medium round-headed, short to moderately 

 long-faced, and rather short statured, being quite similar to the neighboring 

 Centralids in that respect, as even d'Orbigny [1S39] had already observed. But 

 the features themselves are essentially different. The lines are marked, sharply 

 drawn; the nose long, often aquiline and very prominent; and the cheek bones 

 very prominent. The shape, however, is short and plump. There is therefore 

 nothing of the Centralid delicacy and almost European configuration of the 

 face. . . 



Finally, Imbelloni (1938) has sought to improve upon the foregoing 

 classifications, and particularly that of von Eickstedt. In addition to 

 substituting a geographical terminology, Imbelloni has divided von 



9 According to von Eickstedt the area occupied by the Centralids includes the Pueblo 

 region, Gulf States, parts of Mexico, and Central America. 



