so 



GREDES. 11 



tlmt tlic legs are set very far back near the liiiuler end of tlie body, a 

 position which ensures tlic maximum of power wlicu swimming, but 

 wliich leaves the bird almost helpless on land. Tiic front toes are 

 l)rovided with wide lateral lobes which arc united with one another at 

 the base. The tail is inconspicuous, being a mere tuft of downy plumes. 

 As in the Divers, the plumage of the Grebes is much handsomer during 

 the breeding-season than it is in winter, and they are familiarly known 

 on account of the muft's and trimmings fur dresses which are made 

 from their beatitiful silvery-white breasts. 



The Grebes arc a nearly eosmopoiitau family, though chietly found in 

 the temperate regions of both Hemispheres. About twenty-five species 

 arc known, all expert divers, but unlike some of the Auks and the 

 Penguins, which use their wings in diving, Grebes propel themselves 

 through the water by their curiously lobed toes alone. 



In winter they migrate from the colder parts and arc then often to be 

 foiuul at the sea, but they breed exclusively on fresh water, attaching 

 their tioating nest of weeds to any convenient patch of reeds. The eggs, 

 which are from three to six iti number, arc bluish-white when first laid 

 but soon become stained with brown. Five species occur in the British 

 Isles, the Great Crested Grebe {Podkipes rristatus) (287) and the Dab- 

 chick {P.ftuvhitilts) (279) being residents, while the Red-necked (286), 

 Kared or Slavonian (284), aud Black-necked Grebes (285) arc autnmn 

 and winter visitors. The latter also occasionally appears in spring and 

 summer, and is believed to have bred in Great Britain. The most re- 

 markable is the large South American species [P. Ducrojjterum), which 

 is found on Lake Titicaca and lacks the power of flight. 



Order VII. COLYMBIFORMES. 

 Family Colymbid.i:. Diveks. 



The Divers, or Loons as they are also called, present precisely similar ' '•'->' ^1-1 

 modifications of the skeleton to those found in the Grebes. Indeed, the 

 two orders are very generally regarded as one. Like the Grebes, they 

 have a distinct breeding plumage which differs conspicuously from that 

 worn during the remainder of the year. The front toes are fully 

 webbed, and the tail-feathers, though small, are normal. The large 

 olive- or reddish-brown eggs spotted with black and grey are always two 

 in number, and laid in a slight depression of the ground close to the 

 water's edge. Though essentially formed foi jwimming and diving, 

 when once on the wing they can also fly withg>«at rapidity, but on land 

 their movements are awkward and clumsy. 



Of the five species known to inhabit the .\rctic and sub-Arctic 

 j)ortions of the Northern Hemisphere, four visit Great Britain, two of 



