case. 



4'2 BIKI) CAI.I.KKV. 



tliciic, tlio Kcd-tliroatcd (290) and Blcaok-tliroatt-d Divers ^291 ), nesting 

 within onr limits, and two^ tlic Great Nortliorn (293) and the White- 

 billed Divers (292i, visiting our shores in winter, the latter very rarely. 

 In winter they migrate further south and ehangc their summer plumage 

 for a more sober garb, becoming entirely white underneath. A 

 comjiarisou of the maps showing the distiibu.tion of the Grebes and 

 Divers elearly indicates how the latter take the place of the former in 

 the more northern regions. 



Order VIII. Sl'HENISClFOKMES. 

 Family Spiienisciu.e. PExiiiixs. (Plate III.) 

 [Ceiiiit- Penguins may fairly be considered to hold the same place among 

 Birds that tlie Seals do among the ]\Iainnialia. At the present time they 

 arc represented by comparatively few species, though they probably 

 played a more important part in prehistoric times. They date back at 

 least to the Upper Eocene, in which the gigantic New Zealand Penguin, 

 standing over six feet high, was discovered. Their wings arc modified 

 into swimming-paddles covered with narrow scale-like feathers. Their 

 legs arc iucliulcd in the skin of the body, and their large clumsy feet 

 jjlaecd so far back as to render their locomotion on land a very difficidt 

 operation. Their home is the sea, and when diving they propel them- 

 selves solely by means of their wings, which they use alternately, while 

 their legs are used as a rudder. They breed on the desolate rocks and 

 islands in the Southern Ocean, where they arc not often disturbed by 

 man, and extend np to the equator (Galapagos) in the Pacific. 



All the known species, seventeen in number, may be grouped into six 

 gene]'a. The best known are the large King-Penguins (Apteiiudijlfs 

 putuijonlva) (350) [Figs, e &/], which generally stand with their licad 

 and neck stretched out vertically and the tip of their beak pointed 

 directly upwards. 'When ])ui'sued on shoi'c they can move with con- 

 siderable speed, and lying down tlat on the belly, work both their legs 

 and wings wildly to assist them in their frantic eflbrts to escape. Still 

 lai'gcr birds are the Ji^mpcror-Penguins {A. forsteri) (351) from the 

 jVntarctic continent. The Jackass-Penguins (Spheniscus) have received 

 their name from their cry, which resembles the braying of a donkey. 

 The nest of S. nuif/el/anicus (340) is a rudely coustrncted pile of grass- 

 roots and other materials. The Rock-hoppers {Calarrhactcs (343-345) 

 [Figs, a & 6-j and Meyudijptes (346)) [Fig. d'], with shorter bills, 

 derive their name from their curious mode of hopping from rock to rock 

 with both feet placed together. The smallest of all are the species of 

 End ijpt Ilia (352 1 [Fig. i], which inhabit the coasts of South Australia 

 and New Zealand. 



