CROCODILIA. 89 



tlic skeleton of tlie Crocodile, I believe of the species called Croc, biporcatus, described 

 by Cuvier,* he gives five as the number of the lumbar vertebree. But these varieties 

 in the development or coalescence of the stunted pleurapophysis are of little essential 

 moment; and only serve to show the artificial character of the 'dorsal' and 'lumbar' 

 vertebrae. The coalescence of the rib with the diapophysis obliterates of course the 

 character of the ' costal articular surfaces ;' which we have seen to be common to 

 both dorsal and cervical vertebrae. The lumbar zygapophyses have their articular 

 surfaces almost horizontal, and the diapophyses, if not longer, have their antero-posterior 

 extent somewhat increased ; they are much depressed, or flattened horizontally. 



The sacral vertebrae are very distinctly marked by the flatness of the coadapted 

 ends of their centrums ; there are never more than two such vertebrae inthQ Cwcodilia 

 recent or extinct : in the first the anterior surface of the centrum is concave ; in the 

 second it is the posterior surface ; the zygapophyses are not obliterated in either of 

 these sacral vertebrae, so that the aspects of their articular surface — upwards in the 

 anterior pair, downwards in the posterior pair — determines at once the corresponding 

 extremity of a detached sacral vertebra. The thick and strong transverse processes 

 form another characteristic of these vertebrae ; for a long period the suture near their 

 base remains to show how large a proportion is formed by the pleurapophysis. This 

 element articulates more with the centrum than with the diapophysis developed from 

 the neural arch : f it terminates by a rough, truncate, expanded extremity, which almost 

 or quite joins that of the similarly but more expanded rib of the other sacral vertebrae. 

 Against these extremities is applied a supplementary costal piece, serially homologous 

 with the appendage to the proper pleurapophysis in the dorsal vertebrae, but here 

 interposing itself between the pleurapophyses and haemapophyses of both sacral 

 vertebras, not of one only. This intermediate pleurapophysial appendage is called 

 the ' ilium ;' it is short, thick, very broad, and subtriangular, the lower truncated apex 

 forming with the connected extremities of the haemapophysis an articular cavity for 

 the diverging appendage, called the ' hind leg.' The haemapoph)^sis of the anterior 

 sacral vertebra is called ' pubis ;' it is moderately long and slender, but expanded 

 and flattened at its lower extremity, which is directed forwards towards that of its 

 fellow, and joined to it through the intermedium of a broad, cartilaginous, haemal spine, 

 completing the haemal canal. The posterior haemapophysis is broader, subdepressed, 

 and subtriangular, expanding as it approaches its fellow to complete the second haemal 

 arch ; it is termed ' ischium.' The great development of all the elements of these 

 luemal arches, and the peculiar and distinctive forms of those that have thereby 

 acquired, from the earliest dawn of anatomical science, special names, relates phy- 



* Tom. cit., p. 95. It is to be observed that Cuvier begins to couut the dorsal vertebra when the rib has 

 changed its hatchet-shape for a styloid shape. 



f Cuvier, who well describes this structure, remarks, "aussi raeritent-elles plutot le nom des cotes que 

 celiii d'apophyses transverses." (Tom. cit., p. 98.) 



