LARVAE OF APHODIINAE — JERATH 45 



In 1928 Hayes described the epipharynx of Aphodius and in 1929 

 he partially described and compared larvae of Aphodinae (Aphodius) 

 with other scarabaeid larvae. Boving and Craighead (1931) sepa- 

 rated Aphodius rujipes and Aphodius fossor groups in their keys to 

 families and subfamilies of Scarabaeoidea. 



Gardner (1935) described the immature stages of Scarabaeoidea 

 from India and gave pupal and larvae characters for the genus Aphodi- 

 us and a key for five species of the genus Aphodius. According to 

 him the pupae of Aphodius can be separated from other scarabaeid 

 pupae by the presence of two filamentous caudal appendages. 



Madle (1934) dealt with the morphology, ecology, and physiology 

 of the larvae and adults of Aphodius rufipes Linnaeus. Also, Madle 

 (1935, 1936) gave a key to 13 species of the genus Aphodius and a 

 detailed account of each species. According to his observations, the 

 13 species could be separated into five distinct types on the basis of 

 the lower anal lobe, shape of the setae on the raster, and structure 

 of the head capsule. 



Paulian and Villiers (1939) were the first to describe the larva of 

 Heptaulacus peyerimhof Paulian and Villiers found in humid turf 

 soil in Morocco. They considered Heptaulocus larvae to be close to 

 Aphodius, especially the rufipes group. 



Korschefsky (1940) separated larvae of Aphodiinae (Aphodius 

 jimetarius (Lmnaeus) and A. fossor (Linnaeus)) from other scarabaeid 

 larvae in his illustrated key to German scarabaeid larvae. Van 

 Emden (1941) separated Aphodiinae from other subfamilies of 

 scarabaeid larvae, presenting a key to 13 species of the genus Aphodius 

 and separating larvae of the genus Saprosites (S. mendax Blackburn) 

 and the genus Oxyomus (0. silvestris Scopoli) for the first time. 



Schaerffenberg (1941) gave a key for separating Aphodiinae from 

 other scarabaeid larvae. Paulian (1942, pp. 129-131) published a 

 description of the larvae of Rhyssemodes orientalis Mulsant and 

 Godart and compared larvae of the genus Rhyssemodes with the 

 larvae of the genus Aphodius and the genus Ataenius. 



Game's (1950) publication on the morphology of immature stages 

 of Aphodius howitti Hope from Australia was the first paper on 

 Aphodius spp. to use Boving's and Ritcher's modern terminology for 

 the raster and epipharynx. 



Medvedev (1952) published an illustrated paper on the larvae of 

 scarabaeid beetles of the fauna of the U.S.S.R. and separated Aphodius, 

 Psammodius, and Cnemisus. He described Psammodius sulcicollis 

 Illiger, Cnemisus ahngeri Seminov, and 14 species of the genus 

 Aphodius. 



In addition to the above literature, a great amount of work has 

 been done on the other subfamilies of the Scarabaeidae which is 



