412 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PLECTOGNATHI.* 



SYNONYMS AS ORDINAL NAMES. 



= Les Plectognatlies, Cuvier, Ecguc Animal, Ire M., 1. 1, p. 144, 1817. 



< Plectognatlii, Swainson, Nat. Hist, aud Clas.s. Fishes, etc., v. y, pp. 193-195,323-333, 



1839. (lucludes Plectognatlii + Pediculati + Lophobranchii + Pegasus.) 

 ■]> Gyiuuodoutes (Pelvopteri), Bonaparic, Giorn. Arcad. di Scienze, v. 52 (Saggio Dis- 



trib. Metod. ADinial. Vertebr. a Saiigue Freddo, p. 39), 1832; Nuovi Annali 



delle Sci. Nat., t. 2, p. 131, 1838 ; t. 4, p. 186, 1840. t 

 ^ Seleroderuii (Acauthopteri), Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad. di Scieuze, v. 52 (Saggio 



Distrib. Metod. Auiuial. Vertebr. a Saugue Freddo, i^. 39), 1832 ; Nuovi 



Anuali delle Sci. Nat., t. 2, p. 131, 1838 ; t. 4, p. 186, 1840. t 

 = Plectoguathes ou Echinoides, Hollard, Auuales des Sc. Nat. (4), v. 13, pp. 5,40,46 



18()0.t 

 ^ Balistidi, Bleel'er, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk,, v. 3, p. 8, 1866;^ Atlas Icb. des ludes 



N^erlaud., v. 5, p. 25, 1865. 



> Ostracionidi, Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdscbr. Dierk., v. 3, p. 15, 1866 ; Atlas Ich. des Indes 



N^erland., v. 5, p. 85, 1865. 



> Gyrunodontidi, Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdscbr. Dierk., v. 3, p. 16, 1866; Atlas Ich. des 



Indes N^erland., v. 5, p. 43, 1865. 

 = Plectoguathi-Heftkeifer, HirckeJ, Gen. Morphologie der Organismen, v. 3, j). cxxviii, 



1866. (Zweite Ordnung der Physoclioten.) 

 = Plectognathi, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, v. 14, pp. 456, 458, 1870; Proo, Am. Ass. 



Adv. Sc, V. 20, p. 340, 1872. 

 = Plectognathi, GxU, Arrangement Families of Fishes, p. 1, 1872. 

 =^ Gymuodontes,t Fitzinger, Sitznngsber. K. Akad. der Wissensch. (Wien), B. 67, 1. 



Abth., p. 47, 1873. 



Teleost fishes witli the elements of the lower jaw consolidated in sin- 

 gle pieces representing the two rami, the supramaxillaries and inter- 

 maxillaries more or less closely connected, the interoijerculum detached 

 from the other opercular bones, reduced and more or less rod-like in 

 form, and the jxysttemporals suturall}^ connected with the cranium. 



These characters are certainly of more importance than those gener- 

 ally used to characterize the order, and, so far as known (except as to 

 the upper jaw), are distiuctive.|| It is, however, quite possible that even 

 they maj' fail and the order be abandoned. But the various represent- 

 atives of the order are evidently related, and there is a regular grada- 



*Recherches sur la classification des jioissons de I'ordre des Plectognathes. Par M. 

 C. Dareste. < Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3e s^rie, Zoologie, t. xiv, 1850. 



t The "orders" a ifmnodontes and Sclerodermi are combined by Bonaparte in a "section 

 3, Plectognathi." 



tMemoire 8ur le squelette des poiesons Plectognathes, 6tudi^ au point de vue des 

 caract^res qu'il peut fournir pour la classification, lu a I'Acad^mie des Sciences, le 9 

 avril 1860. Par M. H. Hollard, profosseur h la facult6 des sciences de Poitiers. <]Ann. 

 des Sci. Nat., 4e s^rie, Zoologie, t. xiii, pp. .5-46, pi. 2, 3. 



$ Systema Balistidorum, Ostraciouidorum Gymnodontidorumque revisum. Petro 

 Bleeker auctore. < Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., t. 3, pp. 8-19, 1866. 



II Other forms have the supratemporals suturally attached. 



