NO. 1976. TREESHREW8: FAMILY TUP AIIDJ3— LYON. 7 



ridges remain separated and in TJrogdle they unite early to form a much 

 more conspicuous sagittal crest than they do in TujMia. The lamb- 

 doid crest is well marked and gently arched. It begins fauitly on 

 either side near the external auditory meatus and becomes well 

 developed along the upper border of the supraoccipital. The palate 

 is long but neither specially wide nor specially narrow. In front are 

 well marked anterior palatine foramina; posteriorly the palate is 

 slightly concave, and ends in a slightly thickened ridge, and a very 

 small blunt median spine. The most anterior part of the posterior 

 edge is about on a line with the posterior edge of the last molars. In 

 the posterior half of the palate in the genera Twpaia and Tana are 

 usually irregular vacuities. The other genera, Urogale, Anathana, 

 Dendrogale, and Ptilocercus, are usually without defects of ossifica- 

 tion in the palate. The external pterygoid f oss£e are large, short, and 

 wide, formed by the well marked, pointed, and slightly directed 

 inward pterygoid bones, and the pterygoid plate, rather short and 

 triangular, of the alisphenoid. The choansB are rather wide, and 

 narrower between the pterygoids than anteriorly. The bullae are of 

 moderate size and formed of the endotympanic. The outer edge of 

 the bulla is produced outward so as to cover up or enclose the tym- 

 panic ring or ectotympanic. The small foramen ovale is almost 

 covered over by the antero-external edge of the bulla. The glenoid 

 fossa is rather wide and shallow and limited in front and behind by 

 short and inconspicuous anterior and posterior glenoid processes. 

 Only the minutest trace of a paroccipital process is present. The 

 alisphenoid is pierced by an alisphenoid canal. The foramen magnum 

 is directed downward and backward. 



The external opening of the infraorbital canal is situated above 

 the second premolar. In Ptilocercus the canal is much shorter and 

 its external opening is over the last premolar. The internal opening 

 of the canal lies shortly inside the orbit. The lachrymal canal has 

 its opening in a distinct notch except in Ptilocercus and is rather 

 more outside of the orbit than inside of it. Except in Ptilocercus 

 there is a conspicuous supraorbital foramen at the upper outer angle 

 of the orbit, continuous with a groove under the edge of the roof of 

 the orbit. Except in Ptilocercus the optic foramen is separated 

 from the sphenoid fissure by a narrow spicule of bone, and the foramen 

 rotundum lies at the base of the external pterygoid plate. In 

 Ptilocercus the optic foramen is separated from the sphenoid fissure 

 by a broad bridge of bone and the foramen rotundum is blended with 

 the sphenoid fissure. The foramen ovale is situated almost under 

 the antero-outer edge of the bulla except in Ptilocercus where the 

 opening of the foramen is plainly visible in front of the bulla. In 

 Tupaia and' Tana the malar is pierced by a large fenestra, in the 

 other genera by a small foramen. The external auditory meatus is 



