ART. 19 CONCEKXING BIRDS ' TONGUES GARDNER 25 



seen in the nuthatches. The tract l)et%A'een the base of the tongue 

 and the glottis has many pores of mucous glands. 



SwalloAvs haA'e a simple fiat tongue somewhat split at the ti]>. as 

 illustrated by Petwrhelidon lunifromi (fig. 115). and very similar 

 in appearance to Collocalia (fig. 85, after Lucas). 



The '"cuckoo-shrikes" (Campephagidae) have tongues of the 

 standard pattern, with perhaps more fraying than usual. At least 

 this is true of Pericrocotus e.i'sxJ and MaJliulaiu/ia macgregori. 

 Lalage niger shows very fine lateral fraying, while Graucalus has 

 much the same appearence. the tongue, however, not matching in 

 size the large bill. 



In the drongos (Dicruridae) this fraying becomes in some forms 

 very elaborate. Thus, in Chlhia hotfpntotta. the tongue is deeph^^ 

 split and the sides are incised, forming long, delicate, forward- 

 pointing hairlike fringes, the delicate strands of which are very 

 uniform in size and length. This is only slightly less marked in 

 Dicrwms longicaudatus while in Bhringa remifer the processes are 

 very short and delicate. Dissemurus ijaradiseus is much the same, 

 while BJiuchanga Tonga has considerably less fraying. 



Some of the Bombycillidae have simple flat tongues {B o nib i/c ilia), 

 in appearence much like those of swallows, while Didus dominicu& 

 (fig. 117) has a much curled tip. which is frayed. 



The shrikes are an ill-defined group, Laniidae. There is little 

 characteristic about the tongue. That of Strepera gracidina is il- 

 lustrated in figure 133, while Lanius ludovicianus ga?nheJn is illus- 

 trated in figure 114, 



The vireos have simple flat tongues, as represented in figure lli>. 

 Vi/eo. species from Tortuga Island, Lawrcncia nana (fig. 118). and 

 by figure 120, Vireo belli pusUlus. 



The Sittidae as well as the Paridae have impaling organs through 

 the ends of which the cartilaginous tips of the ceratohyals often 

 project. This is illustrated in figure 121, Sitta carolinesis aeideata, 

 and figure 122, Sitta fygmaea. The titmice and chickadees have 

 four-pronged tongues. See figure 124, Baeolophus rnornatus, and 

 figure 123, Penthestes gamheli haileyae. 



The verdin, Auriparus -flamceps (fig. 126), and the bush-tit, 

 Psaltriparus minimus calif ornicus (fig. 125), have very irregular 

 lacerated tips, while Certhia familiaris zelotes (fig. 113) is not far 

 removed. 



The Corvidae have a tongue the anterior third of AVhich is com- 

 posed of thin, translucent, horny tissue which is often rather deeply 

 incised and is whipped out. The main postero-lateral spines are 

 bifid or double, while over the surface around this region there are 

 many small papillosities. As examples are Aplielocoma calif ornica 

 (fig. 128), Gyanocitta stelleri frontcdis (fig. 130), Nucifraga colum- 



4331G— 25 4 



