No. 4.] CHALMERS — SURFACE GEOLOGY. 197 



sand and gravel containin<^ water-worn pebbles, none of them 

 exceeding a foot in diameter. At first sight I was much puz- 

 zled with the discovery of marine fossils in the upper part of 

 what was apparently the true kame deposits; but a closer exam- 

 ination soon showed me that the fossils were embedded only to 

 the depth of from 5 to 10 feet on both flanks, and that the cen- 

 tra] portion, comprising the principal mass of the ridge, was unfos- 

 siliferous. It was seen too that while this unfossiliferous portion 

 consisted of loose materials without clay, the fossiliferous strata 

 held the pebbles and shells in a compact gray paste. Saxlcava 

 rugosa, et var. arctica, Mija fruncafa, var. UddevaUensis and 

 Macoma Gronnlandica were the principal species observed, the 

 first-named being the most abundant. 



The occurrence of fossils in this peculiar situation suggests the 

 question whether these shells were entombed h»'re while the 

 upper part of the kame was being deposited, or were they mingled 

 with portions of it which were worked over by the sea subse- 

 quently, during the Leda clay period, when the kame became 

 submerged. The latter seems the probable view, but the sub- 

 ject in my opinion, requires further investigation. 



To the east of the kame occur heavy deposits of fine stratified 

 marine sands, underlaid still farther eastward by stratified clay, 

 reddish above and blue or dark colored below, containing marine 

 fossils of the above-montioned genera, and others. Thc-je marine 

 deposits extend to the mouth of the Little Cascapedia River, 

 three miles distant, forming terraces and concealing from view 

 all the older formations. 



A small ajlacier confluent with the Buie de Chaleur ice sheet, 

 probably occupied the valley of the Cascrpedia during the glacial 

 epoch, and to its melting may be due the floods which produced 

 the sand and gravel ridge just described. But, while attributing 

 the formation of kames to rivers flowing over dissolving glaciers 

 and transporting material which had accumulated on their sur- 

 faces to lower levels, the relation of such deposits to the drainage 

 systems indicates that, in this section of the country at least, 

 such glacial rivers have not been independent of the present 

 water courses. The Restigouche kame is just such a deposit as 

 the Restigouche itself would have formed were it to debouch from 

 the hills through the Eel River gap, at a level of 125 to 150 feet 

 above its present channel, currying detritus to the flat country 

 below ; and in a similar manner the Cascapedia kame might 



