304 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. X. 



evidently had a large number of outlets at different times by 

 which it connected with the outside ocean. These old outlets 

 are indicated by a number of river-like valleys crossing the high- 

 lands of Ohio and New York (not to refer to those extending 

 from the valley of Lake Michigan and the present St. Lawrence 

 valley). The following are the most conspicuous ancient water- 

 ways: Through the highlands of New York; 1, by the Mohawk 

 river, at 434 feet above tide, 2, then by the valley of Tully lakes, 

 at about 1200 feet; 3, by the valley of Skaneateles lake, at about 

 1200 feet ; 4, by the valley of Owasco lake, at 1232 feet; 5, by 

 the extension of the valley of Cayuga lake, at 1015 feet; 6, by 

 the valley of the extension of Seneca lake, at 865 feet above 

 mean tide ; and several others at greater elevations. All these 

 valleys are from 100 to 300 feet or more beneath the adjacent 

 highlands. In Ohio, Dr. Newberry enumerates the following 

 ancient channels : — 1, by the valleys of the Grand and Mahoning 

 rivers, at 936 feet above tide ; 2, by the valleys of the Cuyahoga 

 and Tuscarawas rivers, at 968 feet ; 3, by the valleys of Black 

 and Styx (a tributary of the Tuscarawas) rivers, at 909 feet ; 4, 

 by the valleys of Sandusky and Scioto rivers, at 910 feet; and 

 5, by the valleys of the Maumee and and Miami rivers, at 940 

 feet. The summits of all these valleys are more or less filled with 

 stratified drift, and in some cases, as that of Seneca valley, the 

 summit forms a long, nearly flat alluvial plane, free from boul- 

 ders. All these valleys of New York, on the northward side of 

 the divide are deeply underlaid by sediments, whilst to the 

 southward, exposures of rocks along their beds are much more 

 common. The remarkable connection between these old outlets 

 and the beaches is very striking. Thus, there are at about the 

 level of the lowest of these outlets, 434 feet, beaches on both the 

 southern, western and northern boundaries of Lake Ontario at 

 corresponding heights. Also, at the level of the next lowest 

 enumerated outlet (by Seneca valley) at 865 feet, beaches were 

 produced (only a few feet higher corresponding to the outlet 

 through which water a few feet deep was passing), in New York 

 (north end of Skeneatles lake), in Ontario (north of Toronto), 

 and even in the region of Lake Superior. 



Erratics and Origin of the Gravel of the Beaches. — Almost 

 everywhere in the "region about the western end of Lake Onta- 

 rio," well water-worn boulders of Laurentian and Huronian 

 rocks are occasionally to be met with, and in some places they 



