No. 6.] DAWKINS — THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 363 



Capellinni, in favor of Pleiocene man in Italy, seems both to me 

 and to Dr. Evans unsatisfactory, and that advanced by Professor 

 Whitney in support of the existence of Pleiocene man in North 

 America, cannot in my opinion be maintained. It is not until 

 we arrive at the succeeding stage, or the Pleistocene, when living 

 species of Mammalia begin to abound, that we meet with undis- 

 putable traces of the presence ol' man on the earth. 



THE PLEISTOCENE PERIOD. 



As a preliminary to our inquiry we must first of all define 

 what is meant by the Pleistocene Period. It is the equiva- 

 lent of the Quaternary of the French, and the Postpleiocene of 

 the older works of Lyell, and it includes all the phenomena 

 known in latitudes outside the Arctic Circle, where ice no longer 

 is to be found, under the name glacial and inter-glacial. It is 

 characterised in Europe, as I have pointed out in my work on 

 ''Early Man in Britain," by the arrival of living species, which 

 may be conveniently divided into five groups, according to their 

 present habitats. The first consists of those now found in the 

 temperate zones of Europe, Asia, and North America. It in- 

 cludes the toUowino' animals: — 



Mole, musk shrew, common shrew, mouse, beaver, hare, pika, 

 pouched marmot, water-vole, red field-vole, short-tailed field-vole, 

 Continental field-vole, lynx, wild cat, wolf, fox, marten, ermine, 

 stoat, otter, brown bear, grisly bear, badger, horse, bison, urus, 

 saiga antelope, stag, roe, fallow deer, wild boar. 



The second consists of animals of arctic habit : — 



Russian vole, Norwegian lemming, arctic lemming, varying hare, 

 musk sheep, reindoer, arctic fox, glutton. 



The third is composed of those which enjoy the cold climate 

 of the mountains : — 



The Snowy vole, Alpine marmot, chamois, and ibex. 

 These animals invaded Europe from Asia, and as the cold in- 

 creased, the temperate group found their way into Southern 

 Europe and Northern Africa, while the arctic division pushed as 

 far south as the Alps and Pyrenees. 



The fourth group of invading forms is represented by animals 

 now only found in warm countries: — 



Porcupine, lion, panther, African lynx, Caffre cat, spotted 

 hyena, striped hyena, and African elephant. 



This group of animals is found as far to the north as York- 



