364 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [A^ol. X. 



shire, and as far to the west as Ireland. Among the southern 

 animals, too, must be reckoned the hippopotamus, which lived as 

 far north as Britain in the Pleiocene age, and in the Pleistocene 

 occurs in caves and river deposits, in intimate association with 

 some arctic species, such as the reindeer. 



The fifth group is composed of extinct species, hitherto un- 

 known in Europe in the Pleistocene age, such as : — 



The straight-tusked elephant, mammoth, the pigmy elephants, 

 wooly and small-nose rhinoceroses, the Irish elk, pigmy hippo- 

 potamus, and the cave bear. 



The question as to which of these groups the River-drift man 

 belongs must be deferred till we can take a survey of the evidence 

 elsewhere. 



The early Pleistocene division is characterised by the presence 

 of the temperate and southern species in Britain ; the middle 

 stage by the presence of the arctic, but not in full force; and the 

 late Pleistocene by the abundance of arctic animals, not only in 

 Britain, but on the Continent as far as the Alps and Pyrenees, 

 <ind the lower valley of the Danube. 



THE EARLY PLEISTOCENE FOREST AND MAMMALS OF EAST 



ANGLIA. 



The first view which we siet of the Pleistocene Mammalia in 

 this country is oftered by the accumulations associated with the 

 buried forest of East Anglia. It extends for more than forty 

 miles along the shores of Norfolk and Suffolk, from Cromer to 

 Kessingland, passing into the cliff on the one hand and beneath 

 the sea on the other. The forest was mainly composed of sombre 

 Scotch firs and dark clustering yews, relieved in the summer by 

 the lighter tinted foliage of the spruce and the oak, and in the 

 winter by the silvery gleam of the birches, that clustered thickly 

 with the alders in the marches, and stood out from a dense under- 

 growth of aloes and hazels. Among the animals living in this 

 forest of the North Sea were species which haunted the valleys 

 of the upper Seine at the time, such as the southern elephant, 

 the Etruscan rhinoceros, the deer of the Carnutes, extinct 

 horses, and the laro'o extinct beaver. There were in addition to 

 the shaggy-mained mammoth, the straight-tusked elephant, and 

 the big-nosed rhinoceros. The stag, the roe, the Irish elk, were 

 in the glades, Sedgwick's deer, with its many pointed antlers, 

 the verticorn deer, and the oioantic urus. The undergrowth 



