368 THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. [Vol. X. 



The severity of the climate in winter at this time in Britain is 

 proved, not merely by the presence of the arctic animals, but by 

 the numerous ice-born blocks in the river gravels dropped in the 

 spring after the break-up of the frosts. 



THE RANGE OF THE RIVER-DRIFT MAN ON THE CONTINENT 

 AND IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA. 



The River-drift man is proved, by the implements which he 

 left behind, to have wandered over the whole of France, and to 

 have hunted the same animals in the valleys of the Loire and the 

 Garonne as in the valley of the Thames. In the Iberian penin- 

 sula he was a contemporary of the African elephant, the mam- 

 moth, and the straight-tusked elephant, and he occupied the 

 neiahborhood of both Madrid and Jnsbon. He also ranged over 

 Italy, leaving traces of his presence in tlie Abruzzo, and in 

 Greece he was a contemporary of the extinct pigmy hippopotamus 

 (^H. Pentlandi). South of the Mediterranean his implements 

 have been njet with in Oran, and near Kolea in Algeria, and in 

 Egypt in several localities. At Luxor they have been discovered 

 by General Pitt-Rivers in the breccia, out of which are hewn the 

 tombs of the kings. In Palestine they^ have been obtained by the 

 Abbe Richard between Mount Tabor and the sea of Tiberias, 

 and by Mr. Stopes between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Through- 

 out this wide area the implements, for the most part of flint or 

 of quartzite, are of the same rude types, and there is no difference 

 to be noted betweeu the haches found in the cave of Cresswell in 

 Derbyshire, and those of Thebes, or between those of the valley 

 of the Somme and those of Palestine. Nor is our survey yet 

 ended. 



THE RIVER-DRIFT MAN IN INDIA. 



The researches of Foote, Kiog, Medlicott, Hacket, and Ball, 

 establish the fact that the River-drift hunter ranged over the 

 Indian peninsula from Madras as far north as the ualley of the 

 Nerbudda. Here we find him forming part of a fauna in which 

 there are species now living in India, such as the Indian rhino- 

 ceros and the arnee, and extinct types of oxen and elephants. 

 There were two extinct hippopotami in the rivers, and living 

 gavials, turtles, and tortoises. It is plain, therefore, that at this 

 time the fauna of India stood in the same relation to the present 

 fauna as the European fauna of the late Pleistocene does to that 

 now living in Europe. In both there was a similar association 



