THE LEPIDOPTEPvOUS GENUS PAMPIIILA. 343 



his Lapland specimens by a distinct name — Cattcna [s/c]. I can, however, find no difter- 

 ence between them and onr alpine forms, excejiting that the ground color of the underside 

 of the hind wings, and of most of the fore wings, is even darker olive green than in but- 

 terflies from the summit of the Grimsel ; in the butterflies of the lowlands, these j)arts 

 are beautiful yellow green." 



It will be seen from the above that the two best known species of Pamphila, P. comma 

 and P. Sassacus, are double-brooded,. at least in the low countries. It seems therefore, at 

 first sight, possible that the differences we have noted between Nevada and Manitoba, and 

 between Coloi'ado and Juba, may be similar to those sometimes observed in double brooded 

 insects ; that is, that these may in each case be seasonal forms of a single species. But 

 when we recollect, 1st, that no such distinctions have been noticed between the two broods 

 of P. comma or of P. Sassacus (though these have not been sufficiently studied to give 

 this consideration great weight) ; 2d, that these Coloradan species have thus far been found 

 only at considerable elevations (see below, in our remarks on their geographical distribu- 

 tion), in regions corresponding to those in which P. Sassacus and P. comma are single 

 brooded ; and 3d, that no differences can be found in the abdominal appendages of the 

 typical comma and the subarctic Catena, at all comparable to those which distinguish 

 P. Colorado and P. Juha, or (and especially) P. Nevada and P. Manlioha ; we are forced 

 to the conclusion that this interpretation of their differences cannot be maintained. Wish- 

 ing, however, to get all possible light upon this subject, I wrote to Mr. Mead, as the only 

 one familiar with these insects, their haunts and seasons, suggesting the possibility of such 

 a hypothesis. He replied : " I do not think any of the Colorado Pamphilas are likely to be 

 specimens of a second brood. All the Hesperians whose larvae I have experimented on 

 take a long time to complete their transformations,' and the season in Colorado is so very 

 short that I do not recollect any species [of butterHy] of which there is a second brood in 

 the mountains where these Pamphilas were taken. Besides, the late ones were considera- 

 bly less common than the early species, which would not prol:)ably be the case with a 

 second brood." 



This genus of Ijutterflies belongs to the north temperate zone. The single species of the 

 Old World is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, between the 3-5th and 60th degree of 

 latitude ; the northernmost points from which it has been recorded are northern Scandinavia 

 and Finland ; and the southernmost, Corsica, Syria, and the Altai Mountains in Asia. In 

 America, the group, although mncli more abundant in species, extends only from the 32d 

 to the 53d degree of latitude, JMit as in the Old Worhl, occurs from ocean to ocean. 

 P. Sassacus extends further south than any of the other species, having been found com- 

 mon in Georgia (Abbot). P. Manitoba, on the other hand, is the most northern, and, at 

 the same time the most widespread, occurring as far north and in as widely sej^arated local- 

 ities as Riviere du Loup on the St. Lawrence, northern Lake Winnipeg in the interior, and 

 Labache on the Pacific slope. It occurs also in Colorado, where it is accomjianied by 

 P. Nevada and P. Colorado. P. Nevada extends west from Colorado to the Pacific, and 

 is found as far north as Ores-'on ; but P. Colorado is confined to the district whose name 



"D 



^ This is almost universally true, yet not a few of the New. ing the northern Cyclopides Mandan ; and one, Ancyloxypha 

 England species are double-brooded, even, I believe, includ- Numitor, is pretty certainly triple-brooded. 



