IN LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 411 



3fale Gynandromorjih of Callosamia Promefhea. How a male specimen may be affected 

 by this accident can be seen by an inspection of the drawing (PI. xiv, fig. 2) of an individ- 

 ual of C. Promethea, contained in the collection of Mrs. Bridgham, New York, who had the 

 kindness to allow Mr. Cassino to make a drawing of the upper surface for me, and to take 

 notes concerning its peculiarities; which form the basis of the following description. 



The individual is evidently a male, as may be seen on a comparison of the drawings of 

 the two gynandromorphs. 



The left antenna is male, the right female, the reverse of the case in the other specimen. 

 The left front wing is exactly as in the normal male ; the left hind wing exactly as in the 

 female. The left side of the thorax is masculine next to the masculine fore wins. The 

 remainder of the thorax and abdomen is lighter than in a normal male and darker than in 

 a normal female. The entire right side of the moth appears like the female, but suftused 

 with many dark, irregular patches. 



The outline of the two right wings is the same as that of the normal female, with the 

 addition of the dark patches, and were it not for the irregular blotches and slashes the 

 wings would be strongly feminine. The only exceptions are a white spot on the hind wing, 

 and a spot with a white border on the fore wing between the kidney-shaped spot and the 

 thorax. The posterior part of the abdomen is rather more masculine than femmine. The 

 under side of the specimen was not examinetl. This case was described by Mr. W. H. 

 Edwards in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia (iv, 380). 



The two cases described above may Ije regarded as extreme examples of what may be 

 called ji^rlpheral gynandromorphism, i. e., where the trunk (head, thorax and hind body) 

 are not affected, but only the appendages and scales, including the wings, feet and antennse ; 

 the head and genitals not being affected. 



The least marked example of peripheral gynandromorphism which has come under my 

 notice is that described by Prof. Westwood, who states that " he had an Orange-tip butterfly, 

 Anthocaris cardamines, which was female in every respect, except that on the tip of one 

 fore wing were about a dozen of the bright orange scales which characterize the male." 



I will not attempt to give a history of all the cases of gynandromorphism among the 

 Lepidoptera. The bibliograpliy of the subject prior to 1SG2 has been given by Dr. Hagen 

 in his " Bibliotheca Entomologica." Since then a number of cases have fiillen under the 

 notice of entomologists. I will cite one which is noticed by Mr. Dunning in the " Transac- 

 tions of the Lonilon Entomological Society " (Aug. 7, 1865). He describes a specimen of 

 Fldonia pinlarla " which was sexually a female, and the abdomen was apparently distended 

 ■with eggs ; the general color was midway between the colors of the ordinary male and 

 female, but the size and markings were those of the male." Tliis is similar to our example 

 discovered by Mr. Forbes. 



Professor Westwood in his "Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis " (1874) de?-cn'bes four- 

 teen cases of gynandromorphism in Lepidoptera. They were not what are commonly 

 termed hermaphrodite monstrosities, as he says that the body of the insect appears to be 

 unisexual, the sexual divarication being confined entirely to the secondary sexual characters 

 exhibited by one or more of the wings only. 



In the hermaphrodite Bomhyja quercus described and figured by M. Guenee ' there is an ' 



1 Notice sur divers Lepidopteres du Musee de Geneve. Memoires de la Societe de Phj-sique et d'Histoire Nat. de 



Geneve, xxi, 369, 1872. 



