344 78 



Orbitals this iicnus lias no trace whatever. From the above quotations it will ai)|)car that 

 GCnther, publishing in 1861, had by far a more correct apprehension than Swinnerton in 

 1902, of the cranial structures in Fistiilaria. 



In his admirable jjapcr on the shoulder-i^irdle in the Hemibranchiates Starks (55, p. 624) 

 correctly jxjinls out the absence of opisthotics and parictals and the position of the jiterotic, 

 the form of the occipital condyle, the i)resence of the long ossihed lateral nuchal tendons 

 as cranial features common to both Fisliilarid and Aniosloma. But in adding: "basisphenoid 

 bridging anterior edges of prootics above rectus muscles of eye making basis cranii appear 

 double, but no myodome in continuation", he makes a mistake: there is no basiphenoid in 

 the described position, the bridge is formed by the prootic itself, in Fistiilaria together with 

 the alis]5hcn()id - as already known to Klein. As osteological characters tlistinguishing /•". 

 from Aniosloma S. mentions, that the jjalatines are free from the cranium, tlic posttcmporal 

 united suturally to the latter, and that the transverse processes are normal. The hitler point 

 is less correct, in so far that the double transverse iirocesses are also found in I'lsliihiiia, 

 the ])osterior one is only very small compared with the corresponding process in Aiilostoma. 



15 p. 289 [23]. While LacÉpÈde (31, p. 92) only observed, that the anterior part of the 

 body in Fisliilaria was enclosed in a kind of armour, consisting of 6 long bony plates, hidden 

 below the skin, Agassiz (1, p. 278) had a more complete notion of these elements and referred 

 the large ventral plates to the coracoid ("humérus"), the lateral to the postclavicle i."l os sty- 

 loi(le'); besides he remarks that the pterygials ("os carpiens" are well developed. 



Rosenthal (47, pi. 9, Text p. 31) designates the shoulder- girdle as "Gûrtel" (without 

 entering into its composition), the i)ostclavicle as "Seitenschuppen", the coracoidal plates as 

 "Vordere Bauchschuppen, die vom Winkel des Gürtels ent.stehn", the ossified nuchal tendons 

 as "Lange Hückenschuppen, die vom Hinterhaupt abgehn." 



HhChi, (() a, PI. 12, Fig. 36) gives a rathei- i)Oor and incorrect ligure on whicii sc (i.e. 

 "scainiia" is the posttemporal; the suprascapular is omitted; the lateral (dermal) part of the 

 clavicle is lettered V. A. 1 (i. e, "Vorderarm, erstes Stück" = scajjula in the i)resent pa|)er); 

 the real scapula and three pterygials are lettered H.W. (i.e. "Handwur/el '), and the coracoid 

 V. A. 2 (i.e. "Vorderarm, zweites Stück); the postclavicle and the coracoidal plates are marked 

 "■.' T" and "-.'2'", jjrobably indicating that they may be regarded as .separate parts belonging 

 to the two "Vorderarm-Stücke". In the text nothirtg is found about these questions; upon 

 the whole are only found two statements, the one wrong (p. 174), viz. that Fisl. has only one 

 "Schulterblatttheil" (the posttemporal), the other (p. 176) that it has two "Ober- und Vorderarm- 

 knochen. ' 



Günther (16 a, p. 532) apparently regards the posttemijoral as part of the skull; "The 

 process on which the humeral arch is suspended is very long, reaching as far backwards as 

 the operculum; suprascapula and scapula (= supraclavicle) short, simple; the humerus (i. e. 

 the clavicle! emits a process backwards for the coracoid (i. e. the postclavicle), another down- 

 wards for the radius and ulna (i. e. scapula and coracoid), and hnally a third for its symphysis. 

 There are three bones i)articipating in the symphyseal junction of the humeral arcli: the 

 urohyal, which is very elongate, the humeral and the pubic bones. Radius and ulna reduced 

 to a single subcircular bone; there are four narrow, longish carpal bones (i.e. pterygials)." 

 (I suppose that part of the scapula is looked upon as one of these "carpal bones ', the small 

 uppermost ])terygial having been overlooked; otherwise the statement, that there is only one 

 subcircular bone rejjresenting the scapula and coracoid, is unintelligible). Farther down he 

 describes the postclavicle ("coracoid") as composed of two bones; and the ventral shields 

 or "pubic bones'. Curiously enough G. has not seen that the ventrals are provided with 

 typical "i)ubic bones"; and in the diagnosis of the family Fistiilui-idœ ip. 529) he expressly 

 states, that the ventrals "are separate from the pubic bones, which remain attached to the 

 humeral arch." 



A very lengthy and circumstantial descriiition of the shoulder-girdle (and the urohyal) is 



