85 351 



slender, bristle-like branchioslejial rays on each side; and four pair of branchial arches, 

 provided with f^ill-rakers in the shape of short spines (p. 6801 The mandibular and suspensory 

 parts are mentioned in the following words (translated by me) (p. 685): "The intermaxil- 

 1 a ries, situated over and a little in front of the maxillaries, form the whole upper border 

 of the mouth; they are very slender, almost like bristles, except at the middle of the upper 

 border of the mouth, wliere they meet. Here they ex])and like a club, but an ascending part 

 is completely lacking. The maxillaries are hardly longer than the intermaxillæ. but much 

 stouter, flat, expanded behind or oarshaped. The lower jaw very broad in proportion 

 to its length (its greatest width behind larger than half of the length), plate-shaped, with 

 a longitudinal crest on the outer face, the anterior margin semilunar and convex, the 

 posterior semilunar and concave. The temporal bone i i. e. the hyomandibular) has a 

 very short, broad and flat shape. <)s iijmjxtnicum (hiv.' extremely elongated and slender, 

 linear, in front deeply forked, the lower branch longer and horizontal, the upijer one some- 

 what curved upwards. Symplecticum large, elongated, plate shaped, somewhat obliquely- 

 foursided, in front drawn out into a long point." It will be seen that KnöYEH here regards 

 the real symplectic as a metapterygoid; but what is meant with ''Syniiilecticum " I am not 

 able to decide (the infraorbitals'.'}. 



Describing Syngnathiis acus Kr. says p. 7ÜÜ : ""The i n terniaxi 1 1 a ries are about as in 

 the preceding species (S. typhlc;, only smaller in proportion to the size of the body. Also the 

 maxillæ are shorter than in S. Typhlc but very much broader, curved somewhat like an S, 

 the end expanded like a shovel or spade. The very small mandible is so short and broad 

 that its shape almost forms a quadrant. The palatine consists of two branches, almost 

 equal in length, the one (the articular part) somewhat stouter, the other slender and pointed; 

 they meet at a somewhat obtuse angle. The temporal short, very broad (its width plainly 

 greater than half its length', stout, flat, irregular. Tymiianicum and Sym])lecticum about as 

 in the preceding species. The vomer slender almost like a bristle. The ethmoid about 

 equal in length with the vomei-, but mucli broader and stouter than the latter, although of 

 elongated and narrow, sword-like shape; behind it appears cleft like a fork. The preoper- 

 culum about of the same length as the snout, very strongly pointed in front, feebly curved 

 shaped like a very elongated triangle or rather like a dagger. The opercular bone much 

 vaulted, thin or scale-like, rounded behind, truncate in front, with a longitudinal crest or 

 ridge a little over the middle of its height. The suboperculum hidden below the oper- 

 culum, very elongated, narrow, sabre-shaped. The i n teroperc ul u m , which contributes 

 considerably to the formation of the snout and has the whole length of the latter, is strongly 

 pointed, dagger-like behind, in front, however, broad, thin, plate-shaped, truncate. Eye-bones 

 {ossa infraorbilalia) seem to be completely missing." Thus, with exception of the mistakes 

 regarding the symplectic and "tympanic" and the infraorbitals, Kröyers's description — as far 

 as it goes — is quite correct. 



Under Xcropbis irqiiorcus Kr. ip. 709) mentions that he only found one branchiostegal 

 ray; on p. 713 he correctly ])oints out some small dill'erences from the preceding species in 

 the shape of the same cranial elements which were described in these. 



Among distinctive characters common to all Syngnathids Peters (41, p. 103) mentions: 

 "der einfache Kiemendeckel ohne Suboperculum, die Verwachsung des Interoperculums mit 

 dem Präoperculum ', statements which it had been better to omit. 



Parker (39, i).32, note') who bad the notion that the Lophobranchii were in some way 

 related to the "generalised (lanoids', supports this idea of the presence esjjecially of "jugulars ', 

 "so rare in the Teleostei, namely in Elopa and Miyalops. These arc well developeil in Syn- 

 gnathus and Hippocampus; although I am not aware that any other Ichthyotomist has observed 

 this fact." The supposed "jugulars ' of course are the interopercular bones. 



■ CuviER uses tlie name "Tynipanale ". not "Tympanicum ', for tlie Metapterygoid; Kröyfu else- 

 where uses the name 'Symplecticum" for the same bone, for which Ci:viku and later authors have 

 used the name. 



