91 ;i57 



;il)senl; syiiiploctic luucli t'lonHalc; l)r;inchial apparatus more or less rcdiifcd ...; postlciiipoi-al 

 sini])le, immovably attached to the skull." 



RiCdAN (45 c, p. 8) wrongly states that "the head is capable of considerable movement 

 in the vertical plane, the occipital condyle being convex." 



Developmental stages of the head skeleton have been examined more or less thoroughly 

 by PoucHET (43) (Sijnuiialluis), Rydeü (48) {Hippocampus], Mc. MruuicH (34) {Syiignalhus), SwiN- 

 NEiiTON (.")(i a) {Siphonosloma) and IlioT (19) (Siinçinalhiis. Hippocampus). With exception of 

 Mc. Miititu.ii and Swinnerton (cfr. above) these authors seem not to have ]iaid sufficient 

 attention at the same time to the adult structures, and therefore some of their interpretations 

 of the cartilages or incipient l)ones are not always quite correct, but it would lead too far 

 here to enter into details regarding this matter. 



20 ]). 308 [42]. The earliest remarks regarding the shoulder-girdle and sca|nilar arch, 

 known to me, are those of Khöyer (29); under >S;/;i(//i. acus he mentions on j). 699 that the 

 nuchal i)lates, in the Pipefishes generally, are soldered together with the spinous i)rocesses 

 of the underlying vertebra? and the shoulder-apparatus, the first nuchal also with the occipital 

 bone; upon the whole the i)lates of the first ring are coalesced with the shoulder to such 

 an extent, that they can only with difficulty be sei)arated from the latter. ]). 702 is said that 

 the shoulder only consists of one ])one (i. e. the clavicle), which is correctly described in 

 details; of the scapular arch K. has only observed one bone, after his description evidently 

 the coracoid; but it is regarded as the "upper arm"; "the remaining bones of the arm and 

 hand are quite rudimentary." The same two parts Kr. finds in Xerophis auiuoreus (p. 714) 

 "where the forearm and hand have completely vanished." 



Pahkek (40, J). 30) figures the shoulder-girdle, seen from the inner side, of Si/unii. acus. 

 He correctly observed the posttemporal and the clavicle; but, as already mentioned p. 303 [37] 

 of the present paper, he did not understand the scapular arch: the coracoid he regards as 

 two separate "interclavicular" bones; the scapula is completely overlooked, and the carti- 

 laginous part of the scapular arch is considered to be the whole "true shoulder-girdle", "of 

 extreme interest, as it is persistently soft, and has undergone no segmentation." 



Cope (S. p. 457) has adopted the ijosttenqjoral and also the "well developed inter- 

 clavicles." 



MOREAU (36, p. 30) only .says: "Ceinture .scapulaire non attachée au crâne, mais à la 

 colonne vertébrale et aux boucliers antérieurs. ' That v. Klein (26 c) takes the jjosttemporal 

 to be the epiotic ("occipitale externum" v. Kl.) is mentioned above p. 353 [87]. On p. 251 he 

 says: "Die Schultergiirtcl legen sich an den ersten Wirbel an"; a statement only partly 

 correct. 



Sc».\FF (50) does not examine the shoulder-girdle; but on p. 22 he describes in Hippo- 

 campus "die Platte, welche die Brustflossen tragt." From this description it is evident, that 

 S. regards the dermal part of the clavicle, the "cover plate" and the "jugular" plate as one 

 piece, and that he has no understanding of the attachment of the pectoral fin. 



LiLi,.iEBORG (32, p. 449) after a correct description of the posttemporal and clavicular 

 bones says that "on the inner margin of the clavicle is found a thin, almost membrane- 

 like, cartilaginous plate, which may represent the coracoid and scapular bones, and at the 

 posterior margin of this plate is the attachment of the pectoral fin, which thus appears to 

 be but weak." The ossified parts (coracoid, scapula and basais) are thus completely over- 

 looked. 



Smitt (54, p. 666) gives a figure, which is only a combined and somewhat altered copy 

 of those of Parker; the coraco-scapular part is introduced into Parker's figure of the cla- 

 vicular skeleton; the latter is corrected in so far that it has only one "interclavicle", but 

 SMrn- has not seen that this bone is really the coracoid. The four basais or pterygials are 

 wrongly represented, only their basal parts, which are enclosed in the coraco-scai)ular car- 

 tilage, being present in tlie figure; evidently their distal parts, which Parker compared with 



46* 



