PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 19 



some which have very rarely been taken since ; e.g., Nephrops 

 norvegwus and Pasiphoea sivado. The Entomostraca seem 

 to have been chiefly collected by Mr. H. Weightman, who 

 has recently occupied the chair of the Microscopical Society. 



After enumerating 11 species of Echinodermata, Mr. 

 Byerley next supplies a list of 35 Hydrozoa, in which for the 

 first time prominently appears the aid of our veteran col- 

 lahoiriteur, K. A. Tudor, of Bootle, who in earlier days was 

 a valued correspondent of some of the most distinguished 

 men in *' Marine Biology," including Alder, Hancock, 

 Landsborough, and Mr. Bean of Scarborough. 



The writer has selected from the Fauna some remarks by 

 Mr. Byerley, on Actinia troglodites, as illustrating the true 

 spirit of a Biological Observer : — 



Actinia troglodites. 



Has been found in pretty good numbers upon the Leasowe shore 

 and near Egremont slip. I have kept as many as eight or ten 

 together for upwards of six weeks. They were very often ill-used for 

 want of a fresh supply of sea water, but seemed to be most tolerant 

 under the infliction. It was seldom until after having been kept for 

 ten or twelve days in the same water that they began to droop con- 

 siderably, and they were speedily restored by a change. No food was 

 given at auy time. At first they threw off a great number of germs or 

 ova, which, before they were extruded, could be plainly seen through 

 the external envelope, and especially at the bases of those specimens 

 which had not attached themselves, and could be turned over for exam- 

 ination. It appeared quite clear to me that these germs, young actiniae 

 (or whatever they may be called), made their exit through breaches of 

 continuity in the outer envelope, near its junction with the bnsal disk, 

 and sometimes through ragged apertures in the base itself; in fact, 

 I have hooked out the germs which were just on the point of emerging 

 with a blunt probe, which was delicately used, and did not make the 

 opening. The germs were about the size of a pin's head, and 

 perfectly globular ; the}^ showed, by careful watching, a very sluggish 

 motion. Three or four were put into a wide-necked 1^-oz. bottle, 

 having a ground glass stopper, with sea water, and were intended for 

 a microscopic inspection in the evening; they were quite forgotten 



