1880.] 467 [Gatschet. 



A Paris, Chez Guillaume Auuray, rue sainct lean de Beauuais, au 

 Bellerophon couronne. mdlxxxvi. avec privilege dv roy. 

 gr. 12 mo, 124 leaves, numbered recto only. 



To give a historic sketch of the various vicissitudes of the French adven- 

 turing soldiers who arrived in Northeastern Florida on June 22, 1564, 

 and established Charlefort or Fort St. Charles (arx Carolana) on the south- 

 ern shore of the St. John's River, is a task quite foreign to my purpose-.. 

 My inquiries on the Timucua have prevailingly linguistic tendencies ; hence- 

 our attention will be solely occupied by gathering from the above, andi 

 other sources, notices on the social status, in which the explorers found the 

 people of the Atimoqua, and by the information which can be made avail- 

 able for linguistic science. 



In the countries drained by the St. John's River and its tributaries Rene 

 de Laudonniere heard of the existence of five paracrisi, and some of them 

 ruled over a considerable number of Indian chiefs and their towns. These 

 five paracusi were called Saturiwa, Holata Utina. Potanu, Onethcaqua and 

 Hostaqua. 



Saturiwa and his son Athore resided on the Atlantic coast, south of the' 

 outlet of St. John's River, and controlled thirty sub-chiefs, while the Holata 

 Utina, or as De Laudonniere calls him in French orthography, " Olata 

 Ouae Utina," ruled over forty chiefs and their towns further inland. The 

 map added by Theodor de Bry to his pictorial description of these ""Vo- 

 yages" places the seat of the Utina east of some large inland forest, west of 

 the St. John's River, and there are reasons for locating his seat near Lake 

 St. George, a sheet of water formed by the St. John's River in its middle 

 course. That map locates the town of Timoga, which belonged to the do- 

 main of this head chief, upon the eastern shore of the St. John, and De 

 Laudonniere's text places it twenty leagues from Saturiwa's seat. The 

 Timagoa people were the most inveterate and implacable enemies of Satu- 

 riwa's warriors ; and when a war was impending between Saturiwa and the 

 Timagoa, because the former had obtained some silver by force from the 

 latter, De Laudonniere offered his military assistance to Saturiwa. He 

 thereby hoped to obtain trustworthy information on the countries, where 

 the silver, as well as the gold of which some of their ornaments were made, 

 was obtained; constant rumors pointed to the "Apalatci mountains " as 

 to the source of these precious commodities. Both sexes wore various or- 

 naments made of gold, and most conspicuous were the disk-shaped gold 

 pieces worn around their loins at dances and on other solemn occasions. 



Potanu, written Potauou by De Laudonniere. was twenty-five leagues 

 from Utina ; he gives this name to a chief, Pareja gives it to a province in 

 the interior.* This chief controlled an upland tract of country; in this 

 tract was found the hard slate stone, from which the people made wedges 

 to cleave wood and to finish their canoes after they had burnt out a cavity 



* Personat names are frequently confounded in De Laudonniere's and other 

 narratives with local Timucua names, and vice versa. 



