1914.] BEHAVIORIST VIEWS IT." 13 



But the argument does not end here. I have formulated my 

 criticism as if Watson's views were rigorously worked out, and as if 

 his centrally initiated processes were conceived rigorously as physi- 

 ological. That is, evidently, not the case ; these processes are, in Wat- 

 son's thought, both mental and physical ; not only are brain-changes 

 to be transformed into their equivalent peripheral changes, but the 

 facts of psychology (as psychology is currently taken) are also to be 

 carried, by way of behavioristic substitution, to the bodily periphery. 

 The " required " peripheral changes are required — by the thoughts 

 and emotions of an introspective psychology! And with that, by 

 definition, behaviorism has nothing to do. The confusion here is 

 plain, and the critical point need not be further labored. I must add, 

 however, in the same connection, that I do not understand Watson's 

 attitude to sensation. He admits that there are special cutaneous 

 nerves " which mediate pain." He thinks that imagery is the key of 

 the introspective stronghold : " all the outer defences might be given 

 over to the enemy." These utterances seem to imply that sensation, 

 if not part of the subject-matter of behaviorism, is at least neutral 

 ground between that and introspective psychology; whereas, in the 

 earHer article, sensation was definitely assigned to psychology.^^ Log- 

 ically, I do not see how a behaviorist, in Watson's sense, can know 

 anything of pain. I regard sensations as introspective material on 

 precisely the same level with images ; and I should challenge the be- 

 haviorist to replace or duplicate, in his universalistic terms, the vari- 

 ous observations recorded, for example, in Stumpf's " Tonpsychol- 

 ogie," or in Hering's new " Lichtsinn."^* 



tion of affection to organic sensation! I only wish that I could see my way 

 clear to it. J. R. Angell recognized the temptation in Philos. Rev., XIX., 

 1910, 322; Watson's comment puts the cart before the horse. 



33^,164. 



3* C. Stumpf, " Tonpsychologie," I., 1883, Vorwort ; E. Hering, "Zur 

 Lehre vom Lichtsinne " [1874], 1878, 72, 106. " Der . . . Weg, welcher von 

 den Aetherschwingungen ausgeht, hat bis jetzt, so weit es sich nicht bios 

 um die Schicksale der Lichtstrahlen in den optischen Medien, also lediglich 

 um eine Application der physikalischen Optik auf's Auge handelte, noch zu 

 keinem Ergebnisse gefiihrt " ; " Ich war immer der Ansicht, dass die grossen 

 Aufgaben, welche der Physiologic und insbesondere der Nervenphysiologie 

 gestellt sind, am zweckmassigsten, ahnlich einer Tunnelbohrung, von zwei 

 Seiten zugleich in Angriff genommen werden, namlich nicht nur von der 

 physikalisch-chemischen Seite, sondern auch von der psychischen." 



