16 TITCHENER— " PSYCHOLOGY AS THE [April 3, 



behavior. And the answer seems satisfactory — until we remember 

 that the phenomena, by hypothesis, are behavior, " behavior material," 

 " behavior data," and that a phenomenon cannot both " be " and " be 

 a symptom of" the same thing. I see no way out of this dilemma. 

 Either the behaviorist is just biologist; and in that case he has no 

 nearer relation to psychology than have his coworkers who are con- 

 tent to call themselves biologists : or the behaviorist sees expression 

 where the biologist sees ultimate fact; and in that case he may 

 equally well be called psychobiologist, seeing that the phenomena ex- 

 pressed or reported by the organic changes which he studies cannot 

 be anything else than psychical.^^ 



But if this conclusion is sound, it means two things. It means 

 that behaviorism is correlated with a psychology, with some sort of 

 psychology in the usual sense; and it means that behaviorism must 

 take account of all kinds of organic changes, and not merely of those 

 occurring at the periphery. I believe that both of these consequences 

 must be accepted. Consider again, for example, Watson's reduction 

 of thought to delicate movements of the larynx: those movements 

 are movements of incipient or vestigial articulation. But words, as 

 Watson seems to have forgotten, are also meanings ; and meanings 

 take us either to the nervous center — or to psychology; they take us, 

 in fact, to both. Moreover, the very problem of these laryngeal 

 movements is given to the behaviorist by psychology : how would he 

 have lighted on the idea of transforming thought into movement un- 

 less psychology had made him acquainted with thought? I do not 

 say that the incentive will come always or must necessarily come from 

 the psychological side ; there will be give and take ; but it is none the 

 less clear that behaviorism and psychology are, in this context, cor- 

 relative ; and that though an individual student may wisely and suc- 

 cessfully confine himself to the study of behavior, — yes, and may all 

 his life maintain a polemical attitude to psychology proper, — it is yet 

 impossible to have a science of behaviorism independent of all psy- 

 chology. It is equally impossible, of course, within the same context 

 of psychobiology, to have an independent science of psychology ; the 

 two halves are essential to the single whole ; and the psychology of 



35 Cf. with this paragraph A, 158 ff. 



