96 PRINCE— MORPHOLOGY OF THE [April 25, 



quoddy, as tlie kindred Alalisects speak very monotonously and with 

 no especially noticeable voice-lift on the accented syllable. The 

 Abenakis also have a monotonous tone, amounting practically to a 

 drawl. 



MORPHOLOGY. 



In Passamaquoddy, as in all the other Algonquin idioms, the 

 words are really only indifferent themes, which may be used either 

 in a nominal or a verbal sense. This phenomenon is too well known 

 to require elaboration, but it may be illustrated by the appearance of 

 such indeterminate roots in all the parts of speech ; thus, sak, ' be 

 strong, rule ' ; as seen in iv' t-ach' ivi-saki ton I , ' he must rule ' ; saklcyo, 

 'it is hard, difficult'; saklikimso, 'it is served up strong'; sakcni, 

 ' chief ' ; sak'mcnmiiiat, ' he who is chief ' ; k'ti-sak'inawc'hil, ' I wish 

 to make you chief ' ; sak'ma-zviktvdm, ' chief's house ' ; sak'mazvel- 

 mekw'tcch, 'may it be hallowed ' = ' made like a chief,' etc. Simi- 

 larly, the root os, 'shine,' appears in kis-os, 'luminary' (probably = 

 'what can [kis-] shine'); hence ^' moon, month'; el-ase, 'what 

 shines ' ; nip-ausit, ' what shines at nig^ht ' ; specifically ' the moon ' 

 (wi/'^' night '), etc. (see just below on ivli). 



The SiTRSTANTlVE. 



All substantives, including adjectival formations, are divided into 

 two classes, animate and inanimate, no attention being paid to sex- 

 gender, which is expressed either by prefixing or suffixing some de- 

 termining word, or else by the use of a distinct expression; kiiiclic- 

 mcs^ ' king ' (literally : ' King James,' the name of the first king whose 

 name the Indians heard); but kinchemes-iskzvc, 'queen,' with the 

 feminine suffix -iskwc (==' squaw'); mfdn, 'bear,' but ndpcskzv, 

 ' shc-l)ear ' ; pi'it'p, 'whale,' but skzvcmc'kzn', 'she-whale,' etc. It 

 should be noted that many substantives which we should regard as 

 inanimates are treated as animates in Passamaquoddy and con- 

 versely; as okim, 'snow-shoe' (an.); but sat-y-il, 'blue-berries' 

 (inan. pi.). Genuine inanimates are, e. g., t'm'litk'n, 'axe'; zvik- 

 zvaiii, 'house,' and words of a similar character. 



The plural ending for animate nouns is invariably -k and for 

 inanimate -/, preceded as a rule by indeterminate connecting vowels ; 



