I9I4] PASSAMAQUODDY LANGUAGE OF MAINE. 97 



mus, 'moose'; pi. mils' k; cs, 'clam'; pi. cs'k. Nouns ending in -/> 

 and dentals like sici'tap, ' man,' insert -y- and use the distinct ending 

 -ik; pi. skitdpyik; cf. also pilchisdp-yil, ' trouser-braces ' (inan.) ; 

 piljis^'EngWsh ' breeches ' -|- a/', 'hang'; lit. = ' hang-breeches.' 

 Participial forms in -t, like dp'it, ' woman/ palatalize t'lie ty into ch; 

 pi. e'pichik for cpityik. The same phenomenon of y after labials and 

 dentals appears in zvikhik'nepyei, 'inkstand' {zvikhik'n-ncp^ ' book- 

 water ' -|- -^^^ 'thing'), and in met-y-cwcstakw, 'he is saying' {mct- 

 = prolonged action + y + czvest, ' speak ' -j- participial ending -akw) . 

 Note also sat-y-il (inan.), 'blue-berries.' I can find no trace of the 

 connecting vowels a, o and e (i) used after specific consonants, as 

 in Abenaki (cf. Prince, " Ascoli Memorial," p. 349). Sometimes, 

 however, after -j a plural in -w'k occurs, as kisos, 'month'; pi. 

 kis'iv'k, but, on the other hand, kakakus, 'crow'; pi. kakaknsk. 

 There seems to be a natural affinity in the labial and denial for the 

 connecting -y-. 



THE ADJECTIVE. 



Adjectives may be used as separate indeclinable particles i)rc- 

 ceding the noun; as k'chi ski'tap, 'great man'; sigi m'tdpekzuin, 

 ' fierce warrior.' They may also appear in this indeclinable form 

 adverbially, as katamaykvi-k'timkiyik, 'while absent they hunt' 

 (lit. ' no\.' = katama -\- y, connecter, -|- 'being '=i-z£;i). Very com- 

 mon is the use of adjectives ending in -ko for animates and -k'n 

 for inanimates: u/liko ski'tap^ 'good man'; {)!. iv'likozv'k skitapyik; 

 w'lik'n zvikzudm, ' good house ' ; pi. zvlikn'lzvikzmm'l. The participial 

 -it (an.) and ck (ik) (inan.) is a common adjectival ending as 

 zv'likit, 'handsome' (an.); zvltkek (inan.). When the adjective is 

 inflected, it must agree with its nouns, which it may follow or pre- 

 cede: sdks'l picheyikil, 'long stockings' {^=^sdks'l). Some adjec- 

 tives end in -/, as nek'm'kil ski'tap, ' big man,' which is not an ob- 

 viative / (see below, Substantival Modifications, No. i). Adjectives 

 may be formed from nouns by the endings -zvi as skitdp-zm, ' human,' 

 and -(k)ezm: zvikzvamkezvi, ''homelike.' 



The element 'W'li-{oli-) may also be used adjectivally without 

 inflection, as zv'li haus, ' good horse ' ; zu'li zvikzvdm, ' good house,' 

 and in innumerable combinations both nominal and verbal. Per- 



PROC. AMER. PHIL. SOC, LIII, 213, G, PRINTED JUNE 20, I914. 



