I9I4.] PASSAMAQUODDY LANGUAGE OF MAINE. 99 



The primitive elements of the first, second and third persons 

 are n, k and w(o), prefixed in the separable pronouns above to cer- 

 tain demonstrative elements which are practically identical in all 

 the dialects. These elements n, k, iv^o) may also be prefixed to 

 nouns, to indicate possession, and to verbs, to denote conjugational 

 inflection. It will be noticed, however, that the separable pronoun 

 of the third person is represented by a demonstrative particle neg'm 

 (Abenaki ag'ma; Delaware nekama). This has no connection with 

 the zt'(o)-prefix, but is a combination of the ordinary demonstrative 

 n{a; ni), 'that one '-|- the asseverative ga, seen in gak (passim), 

 and the possessive -m (see below). 



The following diagram will illustrate the Passamaquoddy method 

 of combining the pronominal n, k, zv(o) with the animate and inani- 

 mate forms of nouns in order to denote the possessive relation. 



Def. An. 



nimia nikwus, ' I see my mother.' 

 k'nimia kikwus, ' Thou seest thy mother.' 

 •u/nimial zvikwiis'l, ' He sees his mother.' 

 k'nimidnna kikwus'n, 'We (inch) see our mother,' 

 nimianna nikwiisfn, 'We (incl.) see our mother.' 

 k'nimidwu kikwus/'wu, ' You see your mother.' 

 w'nimidw'l zuikiinis'iv'l, ' They see their mother.' 



Def. Inan. 

 nimi'ton nt'm'hik'n, ' I see my axe.' 

 k'nimi'ton k't'm'hik'n, ' Thou seest thy axe.' 

 wnimiHon w't'm'hik'n, ' He sees his axe.' 

 k'nimi'tonen k't'm'hik'nen, 'We (incl.) see our axe.' 

 nimi'tonen n't'm'hik'nen, 'We (excl.) see our axe.' 

 k'nimi'tonia k't'm'hik'n wu^ ' You see your axe.' 

 "ufnimi'tonia w't'm'hik'n'ivu, ' They see their axe.' 



Def. An. Plural. 

 nimiuk nikiviis'k, ' I see my mothers.' 

 k'nimiuk kikwus'k, ' Thou seest thy mothers.' 



