1914-] PASSAMAQUODDY LANGUAGE OF MAINE. 101 



■ Animates, Inanimates. 



Singular. Singular. 



n k 'n k en 



k n 'n n 'I n en 



w / w ml k k 'ivu 



ZU li/l w w 'wu 



Plural. Plural. 



n k k nufk n k en'l 



n nufk n en'l 



k k k urk k 7 zi' zi/l 



zv (i, o) zv zi/l ZU 7 k zv'l 



When a noun begins with a vowel or with an / (really 7 with 

 inherent vowel), a dental is inserted after the pronominal prefix: 

 nt-akim, ' my snow-shoe ' ; nt-latzvetvak'n, ' my language.' When a 

 noun begins with zv, as zuikzvus, the zi^prefix. coalesces with the 

 initial, as shown above. Many substantives beginning with m, 

 especially those denoting a part of the body, lose their m when in- 

 flected possessively : m'huk, ' body ' ; n'huk, ' my body,' etc. 



Substantival Modifications. 



The following seven noteworthy modifications of the substantive 

 appear in Passamaquoddy : 



I. The so-called obviative or accusative-ending of the third person 

 occurs only when the animate noun stands in connection with a verb 

 or possessive pronoun in the third person. There is no inanimate 

 obviative. This accusative, which is peculiar to all the Algonquin 

 dialects, is denoted in Passamaquoddy by -/ in the singular, and in 

 the plural often by the absence of any ending, or by -i, -o. The fol- 

 lowing instances will suffice to illustrate the application of this form : 

 (a) zi/nimial hadszifl, ' he sees the horse,' but k'nimia haas, ' thou 

 seest the horse'; {h) zs/t-aaszu'l, 'his horse'; pi. zif't-a-as, 'his 

 horses'; zvikzviis'l, 'his mother'; pi. zvikzvus, 'his mothers'; (c) to 

 express a dative relation: zv'milan hadszt/l skitdpyil, 'he gives (him) 

 the horse to the man,' but k'milen haas, ' I give thee a horse ' ; cf. 

 also in the participle : notachil, ' those who hear him.' As to form, 

 note the sing. obv. skitdpyil, ' man ' ;, muinyil, ' bear,' but pi. 

 skitd'pihi; muini; hadso; miiso, 'moose'; ma'tekzvess-o, 'rabbits'; 



