102 PRINCE— MORPHOLOGY OF THE [April 23, 



wd'sis, ' children ' ; hamives, ' bees.' Note the double obv. ending in 

 ep'siyil, and also regularly cp'si, ' trees,' from ep's. The obv. pi. is 

 irregular in the demonstrative pronouns, which are inflected as fol- 

 lows: wut, 'this'; obv. sing, ivut'l, and zvahat; pi. an. wut'k; obv. 

 wutihi (often zvahat); pi. inan. wnt'l; yiit, 'this' (nearer); obv, 

 sing, yut'l, and yahat; pi. an. yiikt, obv. yn'tihi (often yahat) ; inan. 

 pi. yu't'l; na, 'that' (indeclinable); ni, nit, 'that' (nearer); obv. 

 sing, ni't'l, and nihit; pi. an. nikt; obv. nihit (rarely ni'tihi) ; pi. 

 inan. nilt'l. The distinction between the singular and plural ob- 

 viative is often not observed, even in nouns and verbs. 



This case frequently appears as the subject of a sentence. 

 pechihalina zi/skinosis'k zv'nichdlkzv'l, ' then comes the lads' uncle ' ; 

 mach'kozvditit pescsinozvi nisiimatichihi, 'as soon as their star-hus- 

 bands have gone away.' Sometimes the obviative is omitted entirely : 

 w'neklan lamp' kzvinoskzve sis' k, ' he leaves the water-sprites ' ; a 

 fairly common phenomenon. The obviative frequently appears in 

 verbs : zvitapekamdspenihi, ' he was a friend to them.' 



There is no trace in Eastern Algonquin of the so-called sur- 

 obviative or third personal accusative of the Cree and Ojibwe. 



2. The locative-instrumental is expressed by -k; pi. -ikiik, which 

 has the force of a number of English prepositions; viz., 'at, by, 

 from, in, into, on, to,' according to the directive force of the verb 

 with which it stands in construction : Pcssank, ' at Bar Harbor ' ; 

 kozvds'k, ' by means of a log,' a common locution ; zvechi-notgdt'zvul-to 

 ziftun'k, ' they crawl out of his mouth ' ; nioskesi'to paskdn'zvikttk, 

 'he crawls out of the pits'; zmkzmni'k, 'in' or 'into the house,' 

 according to the sense of the verb; kozvdsnoh, 'on a log'; k'm'tki- 

 nans'n'k, ' to our land,' etc. The locative -k is regularly inflected 

 with the possessive suffixes as follows: nt'm'Mk'nk, 'on my axe'; 

 k't'm'hik'n'k, ' on thy axe ' ; zift'm'hik'nk, ' on his axe ' ; k't'm'hik'n'n'k, 

 'on our axe' (incl.) ; nt'm'hik'n'n'k, 'on our axe' (excl.) ; k't'm'hi- 

 k'n'zv'k, ' on your axe ' ; zv't'm'htk'n'zu/k, ' on their axe.' 



3. The vocative element -tuk as in nitapc'tiik, ' O my friends ' ; 

 zvdsistuk, ' O my children,' used only with the plural, had originally 

 a dubitative meaning = ' as many as there are.' This force is still 

 existent in Cree and Ojibwe. 



