104 PRINCE— MORPHOLOGY OF THE [April 25. 



intransitive stem p'maiiso-, 'walk, live' (= /''mt= prolongation + 

 aus, 'live'), will suffice to show the combination of this intransitive 

 form with the pronominal elements : np'maus, ' I walk ' ; k'p'maus, 

 ' thou walkest ' ; w'p'mauso, ' he walks ' ; ' is walking ' ; k'p'maus- 

 ip'n, 'we (incl.) walk'; np'maus-ip'n, 'we (excl.) walk';, k'p'maus- 

 i'pa, ' you walk ' ; w' p' mails' w' k , ' they walk.' Note also the participle 

 p'muiso, 'he is in the act of walking'; kzven-ausit, 'as long {kzven) 

 as he lives,' or m'si-eli-p'mausit, 'all the time {m'si) while {eli-) 

 he lives.' Sometimes the singular of the intransitive verb ends in 

 -in: n'kwdskivin, 'I run'; {k')kwdskmin, 'thou runnest'; zv'kwask- 

 win, 'he runs.' 



The combination of the pronominal elements with the transitive 

 verb is the most difficult feature of the language and is sufficiently 

 illustrated by the following paradigms and scheme of prefixes and 

 suffixes. Note that all forms marked in the following schedules with 

 a single asterisk are indefinite ; those with two asterisks show a 

 dative force (cf. We — Thee, Incl. in the Paradigm) ; forms with 

 three asterisks have both indefinite and definite force, Avhile all 

 forms not designated are definite. All forms in Italics are negative 

 and must be preceded by the negative particles kat, katama, skat, 

 ' not.' All forms in Roman are positive. The -ep, -p, -s, -epus 

 forms in parentheses indicate the imperfect or conditional-subjunc- 

 tive. Ind. = Indefinite ; Def . = Definite ; P : ^ the Imperfect ( Past) ; 

 An. = Animate; Inan. = Inanimate. All forms in Roman are 

 positive, 



PARADIGM OF NIM— " TO SEE." 



I — Thee: k'nimiol(-ep) ; k'nimi6lo{-p; -pus). When the verb-stem 

 ends in -1, as mil, ' give,' this form becomes k'milen. 



I — Him-Her:^nimia (-p) ; nimidzvi (-/>; -s). 



I — It: Ind. nimi'to (-p'n) ; nimi'towi (-p; s). Def. nimi'ton(-ep) ; 

 nimi'tozjmin {-ep). 



I — You: k'nimiolpa (-p) ; k'nimiold'pa(-pus). 



I — Them (An.) : Ind. nimia ; nimiazvizmi (-p). Def. nimiuk ; P. nimia- 

 penik; nimiazvizvuk ; P: nimiazuizvdpenik. 



3 In this verb, the forms : nimia, nimi'to, nimi'ton'l stand for n'nimia, 

 n'nimi'to, etc., with the prefix n' of the first person, assimilated to the n of 

 the verbal root. The second personal k' also assimilates to a &-stem : kwds- 

 kwin, ' thou runnest.' 



