I9I4-] SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 167 



sisted in that region as late in geologic time as the early Pleistocene. 

 Only one genus, Drimys Forster, occurs in South America or Austra- 

 lasia. There is a singular pairing of forms in southeastern Asia ^nd 

 southeastern North America. For example Magnolia has 14 species in 

 the former region and seven in the latter: Talanma Jussieu has 3 

 species in farther India and one in the West Indies : Liriodendron 

 Linne has a single species in each : Sciiicandra Alichaux has species 

 in each : IlHcium Linne has five species in the former region and two 

 in the latter. The general Michelia Linne (13 sp.) and Kadsura Jus- 

 sieu (7 sp.) are confined to the former region and Zygogynum Bail- 

 Ion is confined to the island of New Caledonia. The leaves of all are 

 entire and more or less elliptical with a coriaceous texture, often 

 evergreen, and with a characteristic camptodrome venation. Of the 

 seven species of Magnolia found within the limits of the United 

 States, Magnolia glauca Linne ranges northward to Massachusetts 

 and Magnolia acuminata Linne to New York and Ontario. About 

 sixty fossil species have been referred to Magnolia. These are 

 largely based upon leaves, although characteristic fruits, and in at 

 least two cases, parts of flowers, have been found at various horizons. 

 Magnolias are very abundant in both individuals and species in the 

 Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) especially in North 

 America, where they are found along the Cretaceous Atlantic Coast 

 from Greenland southward to Texas and in equal abundance about 

 the borders of the advancing interior sea represented by the deposits 

 known as the Dakota sandstone. They are much less common in 

 Europe and the genus is either of American or Arctic origin.-*' 



The Eocene records include 4 species of the Arctic region and 13 

 additional forms largely American, but some few European. The 

 Oligocene, unrepresented in America by plant beds, has several Euro- 

 pean species toward its close. About eight ^Miocene species are re- 

 corded, of which the majority are American. The Pliocene, also 

 practically unrepresented by plant beds in America, has furnished 5 

 or 6 European species and one is found in the early Pleistocene of 

 that region. Magnolia seems to have been very abundant along the 



2G Magnolia Delgadoi Saporta, Fl. Foss. Port., p. 194, PI. 35, Fig. 5, 1894, 

 recorded from the Albian of Portugal is almost certainly not a Magnolia. 



