170 BERRY— LOWER EOCENE FLORA OF [Ap"i ^s. 



In the pipe-clays of Alum Bay which were contemporaneous with 

 the Wilcox there are two species of Anona, and Engelhardt has de- 

 scribed two species from the Eocene or Oligocene of Chili. The 

 Oligocene record shows a species in France and a second in Saxony. 

 In the Miocene there are two species each in England, Styria and 

 Croatia and one each in Bohemia, Colorado and Transylvania. There 

 is one each in the Pliocene of France and Italy, showing how mod- 

 ern was their extinction in the south of Europe. 



The genus Asimtna has only four or five recorded fossil species. 

 These are all American except for a form from the Pliocene of Italy 

 which has been referred to this genus, although I suspect that it rep- 

 resents Anona, since Asimina appears to have originated and been 

 confined to the Western Hemisphere. The oldest known species is 

 based on foliage which is found in the basal Eocene of the Rocky 

 Mountains (Denver formation) and of the embayment (Midway 

 Group). There is a single species based on a seed from the basal 

 Wilcox and no other records except a form close to the modern from 

 the late Miocene of New Jersey (Bridgeton sandstone) and the oc- 

 currence of the QxisUng Asimina triloba Dunal in the interglacial beds 

 of the Don valley in Ontario. 



The order Papaverales (Rhoedales of Engler) includes six fami- 

 lies — Papaveraceje, Cruciferae, Capparidaceae, Resedacese, Tovari- 

 acese and Moringacese, together containing about 255 genera and 

 2,200 species. The Papaveracese and Cruciferse are mostly herba- 

 ceous and widely distributed, largely in the North Temperate zone, 

 and they are of relative recent evolution. The Resedacese is a small 

 family largely confined to the Mediterranean region. The Cappari- 

 dacese, Tovariacese and Moringace?e are mainly tropical, the last two 

 families consisting respectively of a single genus and two species of 

 the American tropics and a single genus and three species, one Af ric- 

 Arabian and two East Indian. 



The family Capparidaceze with about 35 genera and 400 existing 

 species is the only one of the order represented in the Wilcox flora. 

 A majority of the existing species are herbaceous and they are found 

 on all the continents in tropical and subtropical regions. Five sub- 

 families are recognized. Of these the Cleomoideas and Capparidi- 



