328 TITCHENER— PRODUCTION OF [Nov. 6, 



cannot doubt that Mr. Stephens was sounding an English s.*^ At 

 the point where I have marked an omission, he draws a diagram 

 which, with allowance made for amateur draughtmanship, is identi- 

 cal with the " [s] nach Bremer " of Jespersen's plate ; it is needless 

 to say that he had never opened Jespersen's book. Mr. Carson gives 

 a very similar account, except that he appears to place the tip of 

 his tongue a trifle further forward, and thus to approximate the 

 German s. It is quite clear, then, that the experimenters were 

 hissing. 



So we have the artificial hiss that Lord Rayleigh asked for. It 

 may be too weak for his purposes ; and, more especially, it may be of 

 too brief duration. We were able, however, to match the abrupt 

 hiss of the experiments to a continuative hiss sounded by a second 

 Edelmann whistle (No. 679) connected with the Whipple tanks: in- 

 tensively, the match was only approximate; qualitatively, we regard 

 it as fairly accurate. 



For the qualitative determination we employed two methods, 

 (i) The sound of whistle No. 423, actuated as in the experiments, 

 was compared with three sounds from whistle No. 679 actuated by 

 a regulated current of air from the tanks. These three sounds lay 

 at what we supposed to be the point of equality with the sound 

 of No. 423, at a pitch some 400 v. d. higher, and at a pitch some 

 400 V. d. lower. The three comparative pitches were intermixed in 

 haphazard order; both time-orders were presented; and for the 

 final series of observations we had the services of Professor H. P. 

 Weld, a skilled musician as well as psychologist. (2) By a round- 

 about method of determination, which involved reliance on the 

 Edelmann tables, we established the " identical " pitch of No. 679 

 as 8,430 V. d. Since Professor Weld's judgment made this pitch 

 equal to or very slightly lower than the given pitch of No. 423, and 

 since the error of our determination (provided always that Edel- 

 mann's tables are correct) can hardly have exceeded ± 100 v. d., we 

 may assume that the two whistles gave very nearly the same s. 



^ O. Jespersen, " Lehrbuch der Phonetik," 1904, 34, 127 f. Mr. Stephens' 

 use of the word " hiss " was spontaneous, not due to suggestion. 



