CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XIX 



ANCIENT CONTINENTAL ISLANDS : THE MADAGASCAR GROUP 



Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands — Physical Features of Madagascar 

 — Biological Features of Madagascar — Mammalia — Reptiles — Relation 

 of Madagascar to Africa — Early History of Africa and Madagascar — 

 Anomalies of Distribution and how to Explain Them — The Birds of 

 Madagascar as Indicating a Supposed Lemurian Continent — Submerged 

 Islands Between Madagascar and India — Concluding Remarks on 

 " Lemuria " — The Mascarene Islands — The Comoro Islands — The Sey- 

 chelles Archipelago — Birds of the Seychelles — Reptiles and Amphibia — 

 Fresh-water Fishes — Land Shells — Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez 

 — Birds — Extinct Birds and their Probable Origin — Reptiles — Flora of 

 Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands — Curious Relations of Mascarene 

 Plants — Endemic Genera of Mauritius and Seychelles — Fragmentary 

 Character of the Mascarene Flora — Flora of Madagascar Allied to that 

 of South Africa — Preponderance of Ferns in the Mascarene Flora — 

 Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group. . . Pa^cs411— 449 



CHAPTER XX 



ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : CELEBES 



Anomalous Relations of Celebes — Physical Features of the Island — Zoo- 

 logical Character of the Islands Around Celebes — The Malayan and 

 Australian Banks — Zoology of Celebes : Mammalia — Probable Deriva- 

 tion of the Mammals of Celebes — Birds of Celebes — Bird-types Peculiar 

 to Celebes — Celebes not Strictly a Continental Island — Peculiarities of 

 the Insects of Celebes — Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in 

 Celebes— Peculiarities of Shape and Colour of Celebesian Butterflies — 

 Concluding Remarks — Appendix on the Birds of Celebes 



Pages 450 — 470 



CHAPTER XXI 



ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : NEW ZEALAND 



Position and Physical Features of New Zealand — Zoological Character of 

 New Zealand — Mammalia — Wingless Birds Living and Extinct — Recent 

 Existence of the Moa — Past Changes of New Zealand deduced from 

 its Wingless Birds — Birds and Reptiles of New Zealand — Conclusions 

 from the Peculiarities of the New Zealand Fauna . . Pages 471—486 



