CHAP. XVII THE PHILIPPINES. 389 



known to occur beyond the group. We have here, still more 

 pronounced than in the case of Borneo, the remarkable 

 fact of the true land birds presenting a larger amount of 

 speciality than the land mammals ; for while more than 

 four- fifths of the birds are peculiar, only a little more 

 than half the mammals are so, and if we exclude the bats 

 only two-thirds. 



The general character of the fauna of this group of 

 islands is evidently the result of their physical conditions 

 and geological history. The Philippines are almost sur- 

 rounded by deep sea, but are connected Avith Borneo by 

 means of two narrow submarine banks, on the northern of 

 which is situated Palawan, and on the southern the Sulu 

 Islands. Two small groups of islands, the Bashees and 

 Babuyanes, have also afforded a partial connection with the 

 continent by way of Formosa. It is evident that the 

 Philippines once formed part of the great Malayan exten- 

 sion of Asia, but that they were separated considerably 

 earlier than Java ; and having been since greatly isolated 

 and much broken uj) by volcanic disturbances, their species 

 have for the most part become modified into distinct local 

 forms, representative species often occurring in the different 

 islands of the group. They have also received a few Chinese 

 types by the route already indicated, and a few Australian 

 forms owing to their proximity to the Moluccas. Their 

 comparative poverty in genera and species of the mammalia 

 is perhaps due to the fact that they have been subjected 

 to a great amount of submersion in recent times, greatly 

 reducing their area and causing the extinction of a con- 

 siderable portion of their fauna. This is not a mere 

 hypothesis, but is supported by direct evidence ; for I am 

 informed by Mr. Everett, who has made extensive explora- 

 tions in the islands, that almost everywhere are found large 

 tracts of elevated coral-reefs, containing shells similar to 

 those living in the adjacent seas, an indisputable proof of 

 recent elevation. 



Concluding Renmrks on the Malay Islands. — This com- 

 pletes our sketch of the great Malay islands, the seat of 

 the typical Malayan fauna. It has been shown that the 

 peculiarities presented by the individual islands may be all 



