INDEX 



559 



New Zealand, wingless birds of, 476 



past changes of, 47S 



winged birds and lower vertebrates 

 of, 482 



deductions from peculiarities of fauna 

 of, 484 



period of its union with N. Australia, 



484 

 • the flora of, 487, 506 



origin of Australian element in the 

 flora of, 498 



tropical character of flora, 500 



tropical genera common to Australia, 

 501 



temperate species common to Aus- 

 tralia, 502 



route of Arctic plants to, 521 



European plants in, 509 



endemic genera of plants in, 526 



great antiquity of, 526 

 Xordenskjold, Prof., on absence of per- 

 petual snow in N. Asia, 135 



on recent milder climate in Spitz- 

 bergen, 182 



on former Polar climates, 187 



on geology of Spitzbergen, 188 

 North America, glacial phenomena in, 

 116 



interglacial warm periods in, 121 



condition of, in Tertiary period, 194 

 Northern genera of plants in S. temperate 

 America, 521 



hemisphere, absence of southern 

 plants from, 527 



flora, hardiness of, 528 



Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81 

 as affecting interglacial periods, 152 

 as determining climate, 153 

 effects of, in Tertiary times, 196 

 Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 100 

 Oceanic and continental islands, 242 

 Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence 



of oceans, 100 

 Oceanic islands, 244 

 — the Azores, 247 

 general remarks on, 329 

 Octodontidse, 27 

 (Eninthe fiuviatllis, 361 

 (Eninghen, Pliocene flora of, 183 

 CEnothera odorata, on a railway bank. 



514 

 Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan 



plants, 272 

 Operculata, scarcity of, in the Sandwicli 



Islands, 317 

 Ophrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 



514 

 Orchidese, species have restricted ranges, 



505 

 Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and 

 Mauritius, 446 

 why almost universal in the tropics, 

 ^4G 



Orders, distribution of, 30 



Organic change dependent on change of 



conditions, 225, 228 

 Oriental Region, definition of, 44 



mammals and birds of, 44 



reptiles of, 45 



insects of, 45 

 Origin of new species, 50, 60 



of new genera, 61 



of the Galapagos flora, 288 



of the beetles of St. Helena, 298 



of Australian element in the New 

 Zealand flora, 498 

 Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341 

 OrthonjTC not a New Zealand genus, 



483 

 Osprey, wide range of, 15 

 Ostriches, limitation of, 30 

 Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475 

 Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28 



Pachyglossa aureolimbata. in Celebes, 

 463 



Paleearctic Region, limits of, 39 

 characteristic features of, 41 



Palseozoic formations, depth of, round 

 London, 218 



Palm confined to Round Island, 444 



Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186 



Papilio, 17 



Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 

 226 



Parnassius, Palsearctic, 42 



Parns ater, 19 



P. borealis, 19, 64 



P. hritannicus, 321 



P. camtschatkensis, 19 



P. cinctus, 20 



P. cceruleus, 20 



P. cyaneiis, 20 



P. cristatus, 20 



P. ledouci, 20 



P. luguhris, 20 



P. major, 19 



P. paiuxtris, 19 ; discontinuous area of, 

 65 



P. rosea, 340 



P. teneriffa-., 20 



Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 314 



Past changes of New Zealand, 478 



Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice dur- 

 ing the Arctic summer, 140 



Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deduc- 

 tions from, 484 



Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 335 



Pennula viillei, in Sandwich Islands, 

 313 



Permanence of continents, summary of 

 evidence for, 103 



Permian formation, indications of ice- 

 action in, 200 



Perodicticus, a local genus, 26 



Petroselinum segetum, on railway bank, 

 514 



