OF BOTANY. XXXtii 



456. Of fruit formed of several carpella, the principal are the Capsule (457), Sili- 

 nua (458), Nut or Gland (460), Berry (461), Orange (462), Pome (463), and Pepo 

 (464). 



457. The Capsule is a many-celled, dry, dehiscent pericarpium ; Ex. Poppy, 

 Lychnis. 



458. The Siliqua consists of two (or four V) carpella fastened together, the pla- 

 centae of which are parietal, and separate from the valves, remaining in the form of a 

 replum (449), and connected by a membranous expansion; Ex. Brassica. 



459. When the siliqua is very short, or broader than it is long, it is called a 

 Silicula. 



460. The Nut or Gland is a dry, bony, indehiscent, one-celled fruit, proceeding 

 from a pistillum of three cells, and enclosed in an envolucrum called a cupula; Ex. 

 the Hazel, Acorn. It is a sort of compound achenium. 



461. The Berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their adhesion when 

 ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; Ex. a Gooseberry, a Grape. 



462. The Orange is a berry having a pericarpium separable into an epicarp, 

 an endocarp, and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, which are cellular 

 extensions of the sides of the cavity. 



463. The Pome is a union of two or more inferior carpella, the pericarpium being 

 fleshy, and formed of the floral envelope and ovarium firmly united ; Ex. an Apple. 



464. The Pepo is composed of about three carpella, the sides of which do not 

 turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled, fleshy, indehiscent fruit, 

 with parietal placentae ; Ex. Cucumber. 



465. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are, the Cone (466), 

 Pine-Apple (467), and Fig (468). 



466. The Cone is an indurated amentum (260) ; Ex. Pinus. When it is much 

 reduced in size, and its scales firmly cohere, it is called a Galbulus ; Ex. Thuja. 



467. The Pine-Apple is a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow together into 

 a fleshy mass. 



468. The Fig is the fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within which a 

 number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an achenium. 



XVII. SEED. 



469. The Seed is the ovulum (393) arrived at maturity. 



470. It consists of integuments (482), albumen (494), and embryo (502), and is 

 the result of the reciprocal action of the stamina and pistils. 



471. As all seeds are matured ovula, and as all ovula are originally enclosed within 

 an ovarium, it is obvious that naked seeds cannot exist. 



472. Cycadeae and Coniferae are the only exceptions to this (396). 



473. But some ovula rupture the ovarium soon after they begin to advance towards 

 the state of seed, and thus become naked seeds ; Ex. Leontice. Others are imper- 

 fectly protected by the ovarium, the carpella not being perfectly closed up ; Ex. 

 Reseda. 



474. The seed proceeds from the placenta (359), to which it is attached by the 

 funiculus (397). 



475. Sometimes the funiculus, or the placenta, expands about the seed into a 

 fleshy body ; Ex. the Mace of a nutmeg, Euonymus. This expansion is named 

 arillus. 



476. It is never developed until after the vivification of the ovulum, and must not 

 be confounded with tumours or dilatations of the integument of the seed. 



477. Sometimes there are tumours of the testa near the hilum or at the opposite 

 end ; such are called Strophiolee or Caruncula. 



478. The precise nature of these is unknown ; sometimes they are dilatations of 

 the chalaza ; Ex. Crocus : or they are caused by a fungous state of the lips of the 

 foramen ; Ex. Ricinus : or they arise from unknown causes. 



479. The scar, which indicates the union of the seed with the placenta, is called 

 the hilum or umbilicus. 



480. The hilum represents the base of the seed. The apex is determined by the 

 point where the vessels or tissue of the integuments concentrate. 



481. Hence, in curved seeds the apex and base are frequently contiguous ; Ex. 

 Mignonette. 



