18 



2. The cotyledons arc flat, with the radicle lying upon their back. (JVolor- 

 hize(B.) 



Examples. Sisymbrium, Erysimum, Lepidiuin. 



3. The cotyledons are folded lengthwise. (Ortlwploceee.) 

 Examples. Brassica, Sinapis, Vella. 



4. The cotyledons are coiled up spirally. (Spirolobea.) 

 Examples. Bunias, Erucaria. 



5. The cotyledons, instead of being coiled up spirally, or folded lengthwise, 

 are bent double. (DiplecolobecB.) 



Examples. Heliophila, Subularia. 



X. FUMARIACEiE. The Fumitory Tribe. 



Fumariace^e, Dec. Syst. 2. 105. (1821.) ; Prodr. 1. 125. (1824) ; Lindl. Synops. 18. (1829.) 



Diagnosis. Polypetalous dicotyledons, with a definite number of hypogy- 

 nous diadelphous stamens, concrete carpelia, a 1 -celled ovarium, narrow parie- 

 tal placentae, 2 sepals, and an irregular corolla. 



Anomalies. 



Essential Character.— Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, parallel; the 2 outer, 

 either one or both, saccate at the base; the 2 inner callous and coloured at the apex, where 

 they cohere and enclose the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two parcels, opposite the outer 

 petals, very seldom all separate ; anthers membranous, the outer of each parcel 1-celled, the 

 middle one 2-celled. Ovarium superior, 1-celled ; ovula horizontal ; style filiform ; stigma 

 with two or more points. Fruit various; either an indehisccnt l-or2-seeded nut, or a 2- 

 valved polyspermous pod. Seeds horizontal, shining', with an arillus. Albumen fleshy. Em- 

 bryo minute, out of the axis ; in the indehiscent fruit straight; in those which dehisce some- 

 what arcuate. — Herbaceous plants, with brittle stems and a watery juice. Leaves usually al- 

 ternate, multifid, often with tendrils. Mowers purple, white, or yellow. 



Affinities. The following are M. Decanrlolle's remarks upon this subject 

 (Syst. 2. 106.) : " Fumariacese are very near Papaveraceae, on account of their 

 2-leaved deciduous calyx, of the structure of the fruit of such species as 

 dehisce, and of their fleshy albumen ; but they differ, firstly, in then juice 

 being watery, instead of milky ; secondly, in their petals being usually irregu- 

 lar and in cohesion with each other ; thirdly, in their diadelphous stamens, 

 which bear indifferently 1- and 2-celled anthers." The same learned writer 

 also points out the affinity that exists between them and Cruciferae, which 

 differ chiefly in the arrangement of their stamens, in the number of the leaves 

 of the calyx, in their regular petals and exalbuminous seeds. I am, however, 

 inclined to suspect, that the floral envelopes of Fumariaceae are not rightly de- 

 scribed. I am by no means sure that it would not be more consonant to ana- 

 logy to consider the parts of their flower divided upon a binary plan ; thus 

 understanding the outer series of the supposed petals as calyx, and the inner 

 only as petals ; while the parts now called sepals are perhaps more analogous 

 to bracteae ; an idea which their arrangement, and the constant tendency of the 

 outer series to become saccate at the base, which is not uncommon in the calyx 

 of Crucifera?, but never happens, as far as I know, in their petals, would seem 

 to confirm. Of this, some further evidence may be found in the stamens. 

 These are combined in two parcels, one of which is opposite each of the divi 

 sions of the outer series, and consists of one perfect 2-celled anther in the mid- 

 dle and two lateral 1-celled ones : now, supposing the lateral 1-celled anthers 

 of each parcel to belong to a common stamen, the filament of which is split 

 by the separation of the two parcels, an hypothesis to which I do not think 

 any objection can be entertained, we shall find that the number of stamens of 



