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used for the same purposes as the Peruvian bark, to which, however, they are 

 altogether inferior. PI. Usuelles, no. 2. The bark of French Guiana, pos- 

 sessing properties analogous to those of Cinchona, is obtained from Portlandia 

 hexandra, Coutarea speciam, of Aublet. Hinub. Cinch. For. 43. Eng. ed. 

 The Quinquina Piton and Quinquina des Antilles are produced by species of 

 the genus Exostemma, and a reremarkable for possessing properties similar to 

 those of true Quinquina, but without any trace of either cinchonine or quinine. 

 PI. Usuelles, no. 3. A kind of fever bark is obtained at Sierra Leone from 

 Rondeletia febrifuga. Besides these, a great number of other species possess 

 barks more or less valuable : Pinckneya pubens is the fever bark of Carolina ; 

 Macrocnemum corymbosum, Guettarda coccinea, Antirhea and Morinda Royoc, 

 are all of the same description. A lightish brown, bitter, and powerfully astrin- 

 gent extract, called Gambeer, is obtained at Malacca by boiling the leaves of 

 Nauclea Gambeer ; it is sometimes substituted for Gum Kino. Ainslie 2. 106. 

 A decoction of the leaves as well as root of Webeva tetrandra is prescribed in 

 India in certain stages of flux, and the last is supposed to have anthelmintic 

 qualities, though neither have much sensible taste or smell. The bark and 

 young shoots are also used in dysentery. Ibid. 2. G3. Among the emetics, 

 Ipecacuanha holds the first rank : it is the root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, a 

 little creeping-rooted, half-herbaceous plant, found in damp shady forests in Bra- 

 zil. Similar properties are found in the roots of other Cmchonacese of the 

 same country, as in Richardsonia rosea and scabra, Spermacoce ferruginea and 

 Poaya, &c. A peculiar alkaline principle called Emetia is found in Ipecacu- 

 anha, which contains 16 per cent, of it. Turner, 653. The Raiz Preta, 

 which is celebrated for its power in curing dropsy, and in destroying the dan- 

 gerous consequences of bites of serpents, is said to be related to Ipecacuanha. 

 Ed. P. J. L 218. Several species of Psychotria, as emetica and herbacea, 

 are substitutes for Ipecacuanha. The spurious barks called Quinquina Piton 

 are capable of exciting vomiting. The powdered fruit of Gardenia dumetorum 

 is a powerful emetic. An infusion of the bark of the root is administered to 

 nauseate in bowel complaints. Ainslie, 2. 186. According to Roxburgh, 

 the root bruised and thrown into ponds where there are fish intoxicates them 

 as Cocculus indicus. Ibid. Psychotria noxa and Palicourea Marcgraavii, 

 both called Erva de rata, are accounted poisonous in Brazil ; but nothing very 

 certain seems to be'known of their properties. Ed. P. J. 14. 267. The leaves 

 of Oldenlandia umbellata are considered by the native doctors of India as ex- 

 pectorant. Ainslie, 2. 101. Coffee is the roasted seeds of a plant of this order, 

 Coffea arabica, and is supposed to owe its characters to a peculiar chemical 

 principle called Caffein. Turner, 699. The part roasted is the albumen, 

 which is of a hard horny consistence ; and it is probable that the seed of all 

 Cinchonacere or Stellatse whose albumen is of the same texture would serve as 

 a substitute. This would not be the case with those with fleshy albumen. The 

 fruit of some species of Gardenia, Genipa, and of Vangueria, the Voa Vanga 

 of Madagascar, are succulent and eatable. 

 Examples. See above. 



