6 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND rRODUCTIONS. 



II. SwAiir Forests. 



Those are inland forests -whit'li occupy the low-lands and depressions of the 

 alluvial plains. They ai'e usually situated along rivor-courscs, or border the 

 numerous lakes or 'engs.' The ground is nearly as muddy as in the mangrove 

 swamps, but it is fresh -water that influences the tree growth here. During 

 the rains they are more or less inundated, often up to 4-5 feet, and possibly 

 more. The trees are mostly different from those of the other foi'ests near or around 

 them, but many of them, if not all, arc again found along marshy river-sides, or 

 around jungle swamps in the midst of other forests. They are chiefly small-leaved 

 kinds, such as Yong {Aiiogeissus acuminatus, var.), Tha-yot {Manq/Jcra Imigipes), 

 Thyt hpyu {XanlJwpliijUiim fflaueiim), further Memecylon pklfiii)//, Ehcocarpus hijgro- 

 pliilus, Ixora parvifura and /. nigricans, Oonocanjutn Luhhianitm, Dhay-lay-ben 

 {Si/mplocos h'ucai)t]t(t), a species of Xi/Iosmti (probably X. loiigijhiium), Ye-tha-byay 

 (Eiifleiiia opcrculata), Ye-gain {Hymeiiocardin TJ^alliihii and II. ^j/Zcff/rt), Morindopsis 

 copiUaris, JJ'ebern vn/rtifoUa, Kyeh-ni {Burrivgtonia acutanguht), Garcinia siiccifolia, 

 and many kinds of shrubs, climbing as well as erect, are found here, e.g. Cappan's 

 dis/icha, Ye-ka-dat {Crafava hiigropliila), Jasmivum sc/indais, Gmelina Asiidica, Nga- 

 hpyu {Fuchi/gone odorifera and Itoi/dsia obtusifolia), Split nodcsma grossiim, a Tetrncera, 

 Ban-bwe-nweh {Ancistrodadun Griftithii), Sow-pein-nwch ( Comlreliim irifoUutum and 

 C. tetragonocarpum), Berris elcgans, uligiiiosa and scimdcns, Su-yit {Acacia 2'cniiafa) 

 Hoi'bago is scanty, but Thiu-pen or I'in-pwa {Pliriinium dichofomum) is abundant, 

 and so are in places Za-yap (Zasia), and several kinds of sedge-gasses. 



Palms or bamboos are absent. Orchids and ferns abound more or less on the trees. 



III. TlLOnCAL FOEESTS. 



A characteristic dense mass of trees covers the shady valleys and shady slopes 

 of the hilly country, and, indeed, wherever shelter and a perennial supply of fresh 

 water allows their development. These forests are highly developed from Martaban 

 down to Tenasseiim and the Andamans, and the Arakan Yo-ma and the moun- 

 tainous parts of Ava show a preponderance of tropical foiests. But in the lower 

 Cliittagong hills, and all along the Pegu Yo-m'i, they retreat to the deep valleys; 

 while they are almost absent in the drier districts of Prome and Ava. The 

 variety of trees in these forests is so great as not to allow a comprehensively correct 

 picture; for its constituents vary greatly in forest tracts close to each other. The 

 lofty trees towering above the dense forest mass are chiefly leaf-shedders, especially 

 Thyt-hpyu (<S7c;T»//ff scaphigera), Let-kok {Sitrciilia fiefida) and Sterciiliacampanulafa, 

 Thyt-pouk {Tiirameles 7iiidif/or(i), Myouk-tan-yet (Pnrh'a leiop/iglht), 3[aya-nhe;ig 

 (Acrocarpns fra.fi)i(folius), Ts^o-ho {Alliizzia ZcW/c/t) and Bon-me-za (All/izzia sfijjii/ata), 

 Pyen-ka-do {Xtjlia dolahriformis), Thajct-Sian {Sin'nfonia Schrenckii), Pa-douk (Ptcro- 

 carpHS Indicus), Ifyouk-gno {Duahanga sonneratioides), Toung-peing-neh [Atiocarpus 

 chaphislia and Art. rigida), Myouk-lok {Artocarpus Lacoocha), Ka-thyt-ka {Pcntace 

 Hiirmanicn), also a good many of lofty wood-oil trees, such as Kan-yin-hpyu 

 {Dipterocarpns alattis), Kan-yin-ni {Dipferoc/irpits ken's and D. turlinntus), Thyn-ga-du 

 {Ptiroshorea stcllata), Thyn-gan {Ilopea odorafn), Koung-mhu [Anisnptfera glabra), 

 further Payena paraUvhneura, Ilmya-sait {Antiaris to.vican'a), IItaii>-kouk-pcn 

 {Giialteria lateriflora), and many others. 



The number of less lofty trees is considerable, and includes such trees as 

 Nyoung-ben {Ficus laccifera, and other species), Mitrephora vandajhra, Ta-di [Biirsera 

 scrrata), Khwe-douk {Karriiin'a rolunfa), Che-ben [Scmecarpus alhexcnu), Marlt-a, 

 Stereospermuni Jbnhriatum, Kyo-ben {Vi/ex peduneiilaris), Yuwe-gyi {Ade»a7)ihera 

 pavonina), Thyt-ka-do {Ccdrda toona), Pyen-ma-hpyu {Lagcrsfrwmia cah/ciilata), 

 Zoung-ka-le {Lagcrntr. riUom), Ley-za {Lagerdr. iumenfosa), Thayet {Ilangtfcra 

 Iiidica), Thyt-niyu (Podocarpus 2>oIgs/arkga), Thjt-to [Satidoricam Indicum), Myoung- 

 kyap {Ficna oblusiful ia), Myoung-chin (Ficux iiifccforia), Myoung-jieine {Ficus nervosa), 

 Tha-hprm (Ficus glnniera(a), especially along Choungs, Than-that {Albizzia hicida), 

 Ta-uyen {Pitlucolobium augtdatum), Thyt-ui [Aiiwora lioMtuka), Dgsoxghn, and other 



