BOTANY. 7 



JUeli'ace/e, Diplospora singularis, YO-hmyot (Treicia nudijhra), YuG-'wun {J/ibiscus 

 niacrophtjUus), Slui-wu {Sterculia ornata), Elaocarpun, etc. 



A host of small trees vegetate in the shade of the loftier trees, but I can mention 

 only a few of them, swch as Na-ji {Pterospermum, 2-3 sjiecies), "Ma-dor {Garcitiia j-aiifho- 

 chi/mns), Dalbergia cana, several speries of Diospijros. Pha'bc pubesccns, Na-lyn-kj'or 

 ( Cinnamomiim), several kinds of Oiig-doug; [Tetraniherd), and numerous otlier Laurinetc, 

 'Knv-lo-hso {ITi/d>iocarpus/ieteroplii/lliis), 'Slyo\ik-o]i.-s]nt{Si/}fioiiodijn<r!asfn'>ui'<),Ka-ii'i-zo 

 {Baccaiirea siipiih), Micromelum pubescent, Touk-slui-ma {Turpinia pomifera), Sa-kwG 

 {IVebera opponitifolia) Aglaia, Holignrna IMfiri, M<im ramentacea,^v.-i\vd-a-\a {Geloniiim 

 Viultiforum), Gycn'^-mn-ok [Ai-disia /iiimilis and A. anceps) ; numerous tig- trees liko 

 Hsen-tha-lipan (Ficks regla and F. Itoxbiay/iii), Khwii-tan-jin {MilUttia a(ropurpurea), 

 Ye-ka-thyt {Enjthrina Uthosperma) and along open tliouiigs, J^iigenia formosn, and 

 numenms otlier speries, Ifi'meojlvn ct'lastrinion, Tliyt-sat (-7/)o/'osrt viJlosula) Ciipnnia, 

 Cleistantltits tnyrianthus, Sioiibariu macropkijlla, Cleidion Juianictiiti, Touiig-hpeh-wuu 

 {Mncaranga gummijlua), T,r-lnn-bcn {J-'xcivairia bacciitn), Thyt-ehe ( Castanea Jaranica), 

 Cyathocalgx Miirtabanicus, Toung-tlia-leh {Gurcinia kgdia), Gareinia cornea, Tha-nat- 

 tor {Gareinia heterandra), Tseik-che {I'aneoria rubiginosa). Gli/enmis, Tha-nat-khfi 

 {3lunaga exotieu), Pierasma Jaraniea, Yo-da-y'di [Uelina Walliehii), Heijnea Irijuga, 

 Jirongmus ; several sjieeies of DioKpyros, e.g. 1). oleifvha, roriegata, etc., Kyet-mouk 

 {Xephelium hypoleueuin), T^inociera terniflora, Kiu-ba-lyn {Antidemna pubiseens), etc., 

 Kya-tlia {ISarriuglunia raeemosa and B. pieroearpa), Vitex lu'terophylla, several 

 nutmegs liko Za-deip-hpyu [Myrixtica longifolia), Thyt-tan {Mi/ristica cortieosa), 

 Myristiea Irya, Lepisanfhes Burmaniea, etc. Numerous other trees occur in tliis 

 sort of forest on the Andanians, -which are not found, or are very rare, on the 

 continent, like Kap-pa-li-thyt {M/inuiiops litforalis) restricted to the coasts, Hemieyelia 

 Andamanica, Dipteroearpus Griffilliii, Gau-gor {Mesua ferrea) Terminalia proeera, 

 Lagerxtra'mia hypuleuea, Pa-ga-nyct-.su {Pomctia tomenf.osa), Braeontomchn syleestre, 

 Pan-ta-ga {CaluphyUum spectabile), Fagraa raeemosa, Pandanus Andamanensiiim, etc. 

 As a rule, those tropical forests which grow on metamorphic rocks are richest in 

 species, while those occurring on tlie soft sandstones and other sedimentary rocks 

 are ])oorcst in this respect. 



The shnibby vegetation is densest along open water-courses in eh^arod spots 

 and along the outskirts of the forest, and often disappears entirely in the depth 

 of the damp interior. It consists of such a large variety that I caunot undertake 

 to sum up the sjjccies. Not a few of them are very powerful climbers, ascending 

 into the crowns of the loftiest trees and depending from them in various 

 festoons, or intertwined, or creeping from tree to tree. Amongst these climbers 

 occur numerous rattans like Yan-ma-htc {Calamus latifoUus), Yan-ma-hte kyen 

 {Calamus paradoxus). Calamus tigrinus, etc., and also a bamboo called Wa- 

 iiw(^h {Dinochlua Jfaelellandii, on the Andamans replaced by Din. Andamaniea). 

 Bamboo often forms a conspicuous undergrowth, consisting of AVa-h])yu-gyi 

 {Gigantocldoa matrostaehya), AVa-ya {Dindrocalamus longispatlins), K)-a-thoung-wa. 

 {Bambusa polymorpha), and Wa-tha-hpwot {Pseudosfachyum Ilclferi) ; the gigantic 

 iVu-bo {Bambusa Brandisii) grow.s up to a height of 90 to 100 feet. I'alms and 

 screw pines arc dispersed through the forest, and sometimes form almost im- 

 penetrable thickets, especially Toung-ong {Amiga saeehrifcra), Kwam-thi (I or 2 

 species oi Areca), Yen-kan {Zalaeea WalUehii), Jlin-bu {Caryota sobolifera), Tsri-lu-ben 

 {Lieuala peltata), and moro especially Dha-noung {Calamus arborescens) and Tlien- 

 thcing {Calamus ereetus). Ferns of vaiious sorts and Scifaminea;, and numerous 

 other herbs, but hardly any grasses, mat the ground in places where the jungle is 

 less dense and not so dark. 



In some tracts, especially in the larger valleys of tlie Eastern slopes of tho 

 Pegu Yo-nia, tropical and mi.xed forests become to a certain degree fused, and form 

 a more open but high grown forest. Owing to the free access of light, the ground 

 becomes overrun with Aeanl/tacea, Clerodendron, Iva-du {Blumea), and other C'omposita;, 

 Katse-ne {Sida), in short, with such herbage as we find again in tho lower mixed 

 forests. This sort of forest, whicli I distinguished as ()])cn Trojiical Forest, is 

 merely a slight variety of the tropical forests, produced by the inllueuco of light 

 and by a more open terrain. 



