10 BURMA, ITS P£OPLE ASB PRODrCTIONS. 



{LopJinpelalum Wallichii), Myoiik-zl {Zizi/pJnis Jujiiha), Lam-bo (Biichanania latifulia), 

 Thyt-sl {i\[chmorrh(ra usitata), Dan-yat {Si/mplocos racemosa), Tu (Diospi/ros Bir- 

 inanica), Ta-sha {Emblica ojficinalis), Zi-hpjni {Einhlica macrocarpa), En-gycn [Aporosa 

 macrophijl/ii), Ye-ma-iieh {Aporosa villosa), Yin-daik {Balberffia cuUrata), Wendhindia 

 tinctoria, Htouk-kyan {Tenninalia macrocarpa), Ban-bwe {C'arei/a arborea), Kon- 

 pyeng-nia {Lagerdrwiuia macrocarpa), Kha-boung {Strijclinos nux-romica), Na-bbe 

 {Odina icodier), Tin-gat {Gardenia obtusifoliu), Tha-mc-n-sa-ni {Gardenia turgida), 

 Tha-b J e-bpyu {Eugenia jamholana), Sideroxylon parrifolinin, NG-u-weh {Flaconrtia 

 sapida) and otbers. The Eng {Bipterocariius tubercidatus) is the characteristic 

 tree of this forest. Mu-daing ( Cgcas Siamensis) is plentiful in the Prome Forests. 

 Palms are represented only by a stemless date palm {Plixnix acaulis), called Then- 

 boung, and here and there by an erect much reduced rattan, called Kycn-kha 

 {Calamus gracilis). Of bamboo are seen only lly-in-'wa {Dcndrocalamus strictus), 

 and less so Hti-wii {Bambusa ttilda) along the outskirts of tlie forest. Climbing 

 vcget ition has almost disappeared. Ferns are rare, but orchids and some asclepiads 

 are plentiful. The shrubs here are meagre and sparse, but still exhibit great 

 variety of species, and the same may be said of the clothing of the ground. 

 The display of gaudy flowers during the hot season on the trees, as well as 

 on the ground, is often very striking. Where depressions occur, tliey are usually 

 filled up with stiff clay inundated during the rains, and such places ai'e more or less 

 densly covered by tluu ihj grass and sedges. 



2. Eill Eng Forests. 



These forests occupy the ridges of the outer hill ranges of Sfartaban and 

 Upper Tenasserim, where they luxuriate, either on latcrite formed by decompo- 

 sition of the underlying rock, or on debris of metamorphic rock. In general 

 aspect they agree with the Eng forests of the plains, but numerous trees occur 

 in them which are peculiar to them, or very rare in those of the plains. The 

 Eng {Bipterocarpus fuberculatus) is still represented here; but is often replaced by, 

 or intermixed with, two other wood-oil trees, viz. Bipterocarpus costatus and 

 B. obtusifolius. Other conspicuous trees are Eiigelliardlia villosa, Quercus Brandisiana 

 and Q. Baneana, Pan-ma {Scliima Bancaiia). Thyt-sI {MelnnorrJitca glabra), Castanea 

 tribuloidcs, Tristania Burmanica, Annedea fragrans, etc. Various trees of the true 

 Eng forests, and of the drier hill forests sometimes associate, like Doung-tsat-pya 

 {CallicarjM arborea), Billenia aurea, JRhus Jacanica, Vernonia acuminata, etc. 



3. Low Forests. 



These are only a modification of the true Eng forest, being, so to say, a mixture 

 of trees from the lower mixed forests with Eng forest trees. The stiff clay on which 

 they grow does not allow the Eng tree to flourish, and, indeed, all the laterite- 

 loving trees, such as Thi-ya, Eng-jyn, and the like, disappear, while certain trees 

 like Yen-daik {Dalbergia cidfruta), Htouk-kyan {2'erminalia macrocarpa), Kha-boung 

 {Strychnos nux-vomica), and such like, often become very prevalent. 



TI. Dry Fokesis. 



Travelling northwards, and leaving the alluvial and sandstone tracts, we enter 

 in Prome peculiar forests, growing chiefly on calcareous sandstone, but often 

 intermixed with, or passing into Eng forests, where gravelly or ferruginous 

 deposits constitute the surface. These are the diy forests, characterized by a 

 number of trees that are not found elsewhere, except on calcareous sub-strata, 

 and many of which reappear in Hindustan. They are chiefly foiTued of Sha 

 {Acacia catechu), Ta-noung {Acacia leucoplila-a), Eug-jyn {Peutacme Siamensis), 

 Stercidia versicolor Uiptuge albicans, Ta-jui-ben {Ilarrisonia Bennettii), Ta-ma-kha 

 {Melia Azedarach), on the hills Yeng-ma or Y'im-ma [C/iickrassia velutina), Zi-ben 

 {Zizgplms jujuba), Chop-ben {Biospgros montana), Ka-bu {Cumbretum apctalum), 



