COMPOSIT.E. 399 



Florets orange. Pappus none, or paleaceous. Achenes compressed or obtusely 

 cornered. Leaves spiny-armed. 



* C. TiNCTORros, L. Cultivated in Prome. 

 Hsu. Safflower. Bastard saffron. 



There are t«o forms in cultivation, the one with almost entire leaves and invo- 

 lucral leaves and very slightly and shortly spiny, and the other, coming near C. oxi/a- 

 cantha, armed with long spreading spines (Kurz). 



The Safflower is largely cultivated for its dye, Carthamhic, which exists in its 

 petals and is insoluble in cold water. The powdered petals are tliereforo first of all 

 washed in cold water to remove a yellow colouring matter whicli is jiresent. The 

 Carthamine is now dissolved out by an alkaline solution, and then precipitated by an 

 acid, lemon-juice being usually employed. Vegetable rouge is pure Carthamine 

 precipitated on to linel}' powdered talc, or on to woollen ' crej)o)is,' with which weak- 

 minded or vicious women strive to heighten their charms. 



X X Aclienes usually glahrous, sealed in the straii/ht arcoles of the receptacle. 

 + Filaments papillosc-2> dose, free. Bristles of pappus united at the base into a ring 

 and both deciduous. 



Cxicus, Zinnaus. 



Outer inrohccral bracts usually spiny-armed, the innermost ones often unarmed. 

 Receptacle densely covered with rigid bristles, often longer than the achenes them- 

 selves. Bristles oi pappus feathery or shortly bearded. Leaves spiuy-armed. 



* Corolla-limb bell-shaped, 5-clefl to the middle. I'lou-er-heads bisexual, the inner 

 involucral bracts not in any tvaij dilated at the tips, but terminating in spines. 



C. (Cakdcus) eriophorus, L. var. /5 Khakyen Hills and Karen-ni {fde O'Biley). 



Leaves white-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, spiny. Flower-heads large, hemi- 

 spherical, arachnoid-woolly. 



var. 13 involueratum, D.C. Leaves above covered with sharp, sometimes spine- 

 like bristles. Involucral bracts glabrescent. Florets purple. 



** As above, bat the inner involucral bracts dilated into a terminal appendage. 



C. (Ciusifji) Cui.NKNsis, Gard. et Champ. Hills East of Bhamo. 



Slender but stiff. Leaves narrow, entire, or souK^what sinuate-lolied, shortly 

 spiny, usually whitish toraentose beneath. Flower-heads rather small, not leafy- 

 iuvolucred at the base, long-peduneled. 



+ -|- Filaments glabrous, free. 



Saussurea, J)e Candolle. 



Involucre not piickly. Pappus of numerous featheiy bristles in a single row 

 with or without a few simple ones outside. Receptacle with bristles between the 

 Horets. Leaves not armed. 



S. (Aplotaxis) deltouika, D.C. var. « Xat-toungin ^fartaban {ftde Mason). 



A. nivea, D.C. var. /i ilartabau Hills at over 6000 feet. 



Leaves lyrate with a deltoid or hastate end-lobe, the upjier cauline ones often 

 entire or lobed, tonientose beneatli. Flower-heads long-pedunch'd, laxly racemose 

 and panicled, the involucral bracts nigrescent, often blunt and erose-toothed. 



var. re vera, Clarke (incl. var. (i nivea, Clarke). Flower-heads long-pcdunckd, 

 laxly racemose, larger, the involucral bracts. nearly entire at the tips. Upper leaves 

 entire or the end-lobe deltoid and large. 



var. fi pohjcephala, Clarke. Flower-heads smaller, shorter peduncled, and more 

 crowded, laxly racemose and panicled, the involucral bracts bluut and erose-toothed. 

 Upper leaves or their end-lobe sagittate. 



