430 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A .YD PRODCCTIOXS. 



** Stipules tranrformed into leaves and funning n-ltorh, or rarcli/ tlie leaves opposite 

 and the stipules wanting. 



STEILATJE. 



Calgx entirely adnate to the eah/x or the cahjx-liml 4-G-cleft. Corolla valrate. 

 Ovary 2-celled, the ovules solitary, erect or ascending. Drupe indehiscent, often didymous. 



RuBiA, LinncEtis. 



Flowers 5-merous. Brupe sappy. Erect or twining herbs. 



K. coEDrroLiA, L. var. ft Ava, or Taong-doung. 



li. munjista, Eoxb. 

 R. scandens, Zoll. et Mor. 

 R. purpiurea, Dene. 



Leaves more or less cordate- ovate, long-petioled, 3-5-nerved. 



var. n genuina. Leaves various, more or less scabrous on the npper side and 

 on the margins and on the nerves beneath, but not pubescent. 



var. affinis, Vail. Leaves scabrous above, softly but shortly pubescent beneath. 



R. ANOusTissiMA, Wall. Ava or Taong-doung. 



R. charcefolia, Wall. 



Leaves naiTow-linear, sessile, 1 -nerved. 



Galium, Linnceus. 



Floicers 4-merous. Brupe didymous or globose, dry. Herbs or under shrubs. 



G. ASPERrroLirii, Wall. Khakyen Hills and Nat-toung in Martaban at 7000 feet. 



A large Order of great importance, including tonics, febrifuges, emetics, purga- 

 tives, poisons, and valuable dyes. Cinchona as a febrifuge is ali'eady too ■well known 

 to require special notice, and thrives well in the Karen Hills east of Toung-ngoo, where 

 it is cultivated by the Forest Department. As substitutes for Peruvian bark may 

 be mentioned Rondeletia felrifuga, Hymenodictyon, Ophiorrhita niungos, and others. 

 Gambier is the product of Uncaria ganihir. Ipecacuanha {CephaeJis ipecacuanha) is 

 now cultivated in Burma, and similar, altliough inferior properties obtain in Richard- 

 sonia, some species of Spermacoces, and the indigenous Geojjhila reniformis. The 

 powdered fruit of Randia dumetorum is a powerful emetic, and its root bruised is 

 used for poisoning fish. The root bark of the Brazilian C'hiococca angui-fuga and 

 Ch. dens/folia produces the most violent emetic and drastic effects. Only a few 

 species yield edible fi'uits, as Vangueria edulis, which is now introduced into ludia. 

 Coffee is the produce of Cojj'ea Arabica, and thiives well in Burma, but is unfit for 

 cultivation on a large scale imless it be in the southern parts of Tenasserim. Madder- 

 dye is obtained from Rulia cordifoJia and Uedyotis umhellulata, and a very inferior dye, 

 but one much used in Burma and Inilia. is the product of various species of Morinda. 

 The timber of most rubiaceous trees is rather inferior, aud the best is that derived 

 from Kauclca and allied genera. 



Order CAPEIFOLIACEiE. 



Flowers regular or almost irregular. Calyx-tuhe adnate to the ovary, the limb 

 truncate or 4-.5 or more lobed or toothed. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, funnel- 

 shaped, or rotate, inserted round the epigynous fleshy disk, 4- or 5- rarelj' 3-lobed, 

 imbricate. Stamens as many as corolhi-lobes and alternating with tliem, inserted 

 in tlie tube. Anthers versatile, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary 

 infi'rior, 2-5- rarely 1-cellcd, with 1 or more pendulous o'siiles in each cell. Stigmas 

 as many as ovary-cells, united into one, sessile, or on a filifonn simple style. Frud 

 an indehiscent berry, or rarely a dry dehiscing capsule, nude or crowned by the 

 calyx-limb, 1-5-ceUed. Seeds solitary, or several in each cell, the testa crustaceous 

 or bony, rarely membranous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo axial, radicle superior, 

 cotyledons oval or oblong. Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs, with 



